Rossetti A03 Flashcards
Describe Victorian England in terms of death and poverty.
Deaths occurred more frequently because of poor public health and disease spreading ( it could spread easily as industrial revolution attracted people into the cities and factories took a lot of land - overcrowded.
Poverty had a high % - work houses were set up by the church/council to tackle this but the conditions were atrocious and people were payed little (even children had to work).
Give 2 examples of her atistic family members.
Brother = Dante Gabriel Rossetti- pre-raphelite painter and poet.
Father = poet
How did she die
Aged 64 from breast cancer
what were main themes in her poetry
concern of women’s rigths (though she wasn’t interested in women getting the vote)
love
death
Christina Rossetti’s health
Throughout her lfie, Christina suffers from bouts of illness. She was ill in the mid 1840s
- she was diagnosed with graves disease
J.H. Newman joins the Church of Rome.
Newman, a brilliant scholar who founded the Anglo-Catholic movement at Oxford, moved the Church of England away from
Protestantism toward a “middle way” between Protestantism and Roman Catholicism. How do you assess his legacy in the
Anglican Communion today?
Newman was one of a number of influential scholars in Oxford in the 1830s and 1840s who began to be interested in the
relationship between Anglicanism (as it was later to be known) and the wider church, East and West. They were very
interested in the early church and the study of the Church Fathers and published their opinions in a series of ninety pamphlets
or “‘tracts’”. The group became known as the ‘“Tractarians.”’ The work of Newman, Pusey and others informed Anglican
thinking from that time on. It wasn’t until later that liturgical development led to the reintroduction of Catholic liturgical
practice into Anglican worship, but it was Newman and his colleagues who laid the groundwork for liturgical as well as
theological developments.
Although Newman later became a Catholic priest and cardinal, he spent an equal amount of his life as an Anglican, taking
Anglican orders and being formed in the Oxford intellectual tradition. In what ways does his background make him an ideal
bridge figure for Anglicans and Catholics today?
It is important to remember that there are not two Newmans—one Anglican and one Catholic— but one. He took his 15 years
as Vicar of St. Mary’s Church Oxford, as well as his experience of prayer and study as an Anglican, with him when he joined the
Catholic Church. In a recent article, Bishop Fintan Monahan, the Catholic Bishop of Killaloe, in Ireland, has suggested that in the
present day Newman would have been a keen proponent of the ecumenical dialogue in which Anglicans and Catholics have
been involved for over 50 years.
Married Women’s Property Act (1).
Women who held property of any kind were required to give up all rights to it to their husbands on marriage. However, a long-running campaign by various women’s groups led in 1870 to the Married Women’s Property Act.
Women’s property
This allowed any money which a woman earned to be treated as her own property, and not her husband’s. Further campaigning resulted in an extension of this law in 1882 to allow married women to have complete personal control over all of their property.
In 1922, the Law of Property Act enabled a husband and wife to inherit each other’s property, and also granted them equal rights to inherit the property of intestate children. Under legislation passed in 1926 women were allowed to hold and dispose of property on the same terms as men.
Society for the Employment of Women.
“The ““Society for Promoting the Employment of Women”” founded in 1859 in London was a pioneer in the development of a vocational training for middle-class women. Organized by feminists from the Langham Place’s group, the SPEW took advantage of the public debate
opened on the future of unmarried women, called ““problem of surplus women”” to break with the girls traditional education and offered courses in order to make them productive.
While many studies have been focused on the Langham Place Group, little of them deal with the first training of SPEW, particularly in regard to commercial classes. Mainly based upon the SPEW archives kept at Girton College, this article examines first the concrete
implementation of law copying office, the commercial school and bookkeeping class. The article then attempts to assess their impact on women’s access to the increasing tertiary
employment. It shows that, although the number of pupils and apprentices has never been
very high, classes provides concrete evidence that it was possible to train women to a
profession. The intense feminist propaganda that came with the creation and development
of these courses has also contributed to make acceptable the presence of women in
commercial activities and public services and therefore ultimately to strengthen this
presence.”
Second Reform Act.
The 1832 Reform Act proved that change was possible. The parliamentary elite felt that they had met the need for change
but among the working classes there were demands for more. The growth and influence of the Chartist Movement from
1838 onwards was an indication that more parliamentary reform was desired.
The Chartist Movement had peaked by the 1850s but there was an acceptance among Members of Parliament that there was more work to be done to remove anomalies in the system that the first Reform Act had not addressed.
Landowners
However, the call for universal manhood suffrage or ‘one man, one vote’ was still resisted by Parliament and the second Reform Act, passed in 1867, was still based around property qualifications.
There was no question of campaigning for the right to vote for women too. They were still excluded.
The 1867 Reform Act:
granted the vote to all householders in the boroughs as well as lodgers who paid rent of £10 a year or more
reduced the property threshold in the counties and gave the vote to agricultural landowners and tenants with very small
amounts of land
Men in urban areas who met the property qualification were enfranchised and the Act roughly doubled the electorate in
England and Wales from one to two million men.
University and medical education open to women.
For centuries, the ancient universities of Oxford and Cambridge had
imposed three barriers to entrance. An applicant had to be 1: male; 2:
unmarried; and 3: a member of the Church of England. While 2 and 3
could be evaded with a little cunning, 1 could not. Non‐sectarian
colleges had been opened in London from 1828 onwards, grouped
into London University in 1836. Durham University was founded in
1832, Owens College in Manchester in 1851, and Birmingham
University in 1900. In 1878 London University admitted women to
two colleges, Bedford College, and the Royal Holloway College
opened by Queen Victoria in 1886, which was funded by the proceeds
of patent medicines. But Oxford and Cambridge held out against
women until the next century.
Married Women’s Property Act (2)
In the late 19th Century when a woman married she had virtually no rights. She was regarded as an addition to the property
owned by her husband. She was not equal to him in the eyes of the Law and had the same legal status as an insane person or a
criminal.
All the woman’s wealth and property were controlled by her husband. She could not dispose of any belongings without his
consent.
Divorce was virtually unheard of and then only restricted to the very wealthy as it required an Act of Parliament.
This situation was unacceptable to many woman especially those who wished to pursue careers.
Millicent Fawcett, a feminist politician formed the Kensington Society. This was primarily to debate parliamentary reform and
the right of women to vote but also took up the cause of the property rights of married women.
The Married Women’s Property Act 1870 allowed women to keep their earnings.
The effect of The Married Women’s Property Act 1882 was that:
A wife could hold her own wages and investments independent from her husband.
A wife could inherit up to £200.00 in her own right and keep the money.
A wife could keep property inherited from her next of kin as long as it was not a Trust asset.
A wife could inherit and hold rented property.
Both the husband and wife could be made liable to support their children.
Age of sexual consent raised to 16
The age of consent – as decided in 1885 – remains essentially in place for girls at 16 years.
The decision to raise the age of consent to 16 in 1885, with higher penalties for offences against girls under the age of 13, resulted from the combination of a child protection agenda and a perceived need to control juvenile sexualities.
By the nineteenth century the average age of marriage had risen to the mid-20s, while changing conceptions of childhood also meant that the ‘child’ was defined increasingly in social and economic terms as well as in relation to maturity and marital status. Reform to age of consent law in the nineteenth century was bound up with these changing ideas
about childhood and, for the first time, framed in child protection terms. However, Victorian lawmakers were also extremely concerned about disorder (including disorderly sexualities). In the absence of a direct transition from childhood to marriage, the age of consent also constituted a form of control over female chastity at an apparently
dangerous life stage. Overall, the links between sexual consent, marriage and puberty – which formed the basis of early laws – weakened over time.
What were the pre-raephelites?
Dr Dinah Roe introduces the unique band of artists, poets and designers known as the Pre-Raphaelites, charting their
formation and evolution from the 1850s to the late 19th century.
What sort of art did the pre-raphaelites produce?
their work privileged atmosphere and mood over narrative, focusing on medieval subjects, artistic introspection, female beauty, sexual yearning and altered states of consciousness. In defiant opposition to the utilitarian ethos that formed the dominant ideology of the mid-century, the Pre-Raphaelites helped to popularise the notion of ‘art for art’s sake’. Generally devoid of the political edge that characterised much Victorian art and literature, Pre-Raphaelite work nevertheless
incorporated elements of 19th-century realism in its attention to detail and in its close observation of the natural world.
How many women did the pre raephelite brotherhood accept?
Dante Gabriel Rossetti’s sister Christina was the only woman to publish with the group, contributing poems toThe Germ(1850). Her sonnet, ‘In an Artist’s Studio’ (1856) sounded a prescient note of caution
about the dangers of Pre-Raphaelite worship of the female muse.Christina Rossettiwould become one of the greatest
poets of her age.
