ROOTS

Question 1

The basic morphology of vascular plants reflects their
evolutionary history as

Answer 1

Terrestrial Organisms

Question 2

Plants, like multicellular animals have organs
composed of different tissues, which are in turn composed
of cells. Three basic organs evolved:

Answer 2

Roots, stems, and leaves

Question 3

Plant organ that grows below
or underground.

Answer 3

Root

Question 3

First organ to emerge from the
seed.

Answer 3

Root

Question 4

Roots need _______ from
photosynthesis;

Answer 4

Sugars

Question 5

while shoots
rely on ______ and
_______ absorbed

Answer 5

Water and minerals

Question 6

Major functions of the root

Answer 6

absorption and anchorage

Question 7

The absorption of water and
minerals occurs

Answer 7

near the root tips

Question 8

Specialized functions of the root:

Answer 8

Support
Protection
Storage
Reproduction
Photosynthesis
Aeration

Question 9

Short________cover the
tuberous base of the epiphytic
ant-plant Myrmecodia
tuberosa

Answer 9

root spines

Question 10

modified roots:

Answer 10

Prop(brace) roots
Storage roots
Strangling aerial roots
Buttress roots
pneumatophores

Question 11

Roots which grow from the stems or leaves are
called

Answer 11

Adventitious roots

Question 12

4 parts of leaves

Answer 12

bud
shoots,
adventitious roots
notch

Question 13

In several plants the adventitious roots
become green and perform
photosynthesis.

Answer 13

Photosynthetic or
assimilatory roots:

Question 13

examples of Photosynthetic or
assimilatory roots:

Answer 13

Tinaspora

Question 13

Photosynthetic or
assimilatory roots: roots occur as green
hanging threads from the nodes of
stem during rainy season. They
assimilate ______

in the presence of

sunlight.

Answer 13

Carbon dioxide or Co2

Question 14

Epiphytic roots also called

Answer 14

hygroscopic roots

Question 15

These roots develop in
some orchids which grow as
epiphytes upon the trunks or
branches of trees.

Answer 15

epiphytic roots

Question 15

epiphytic roots hang freely in the air
and absorb moisture with the
help of special sponge like tissue
called ________

Answer 15

velamen

Question 16

Oxygen can enter the roots
through the lenticels, pass into
the abundant _______, and
move to the rest of the plant.

Answer 16

aerenchyma

Question 17

has a main primary root which is
conspicuously longer and usually thicker and few
branch or lateral roots; typical in dicots

Answer 17

taproot system

Question 18

primary root stops
growing (or disappears) and numerous lateral (or
adventitious) roots grow and develop from the base
of the stem and take the place of primary root; typical
in monocots

Answer 18

Fibrous(diffuse) root system

Question 18

is made of parenchyma cells and protects the inner layers of the root

Answer 18

root cap

Question 19

has side roots and fully differentiated tissues

Answer 19

mature region

Question 20

supply the submerged portions of the plant with oxygen because these roots emerge above the water and have large lenticels.

Answer 20

Pneumatophores

Question 21

Four cell regions L.S.

Answer 21

Root cap zone of elongation zone of cell division one of maturation

Question 21

consists of large parenchyma cells that rupture and exude slimy fluid to lubricate the root tip so that it passes easily through the soil

Answer 21

Root cap or Calyptra

Question 22

add new cells to the root cap and to the region of elongation

Answer 22

Zone of cell division or meristimatic zone

Question 23

responsible for the increase in length of the root

Answer 23

Zone of elongation

Question 23

cells in this region begin to differentiate and develop into many tissues (differentiated)

Answer 23

zone of maturation

Question 23

forms – a waterproof barrier material surrounding the vasculature (vascular tissues)

Answer 23

Casparian Strip

Question 24

Three primary meristems of the root tip (derived from the apical meristem)

Answer 24

protoderm procambium ground meristem

Question 25

differentiates into the epidermis

Answer 25

protoderm

Question 26

(also called provascular tissue) - which gives rise to the primary vascular tissues (xylem & phloem)

Answer 26

procambium

Question 27

give rise to the fundamental or ground tissue system

Answer 27

ground meristem

Question 28

Transverse section of a typical root. In the roots of typical gymnosperms and eudicots, as well as some monocots, the stele is a vascular cylinder consisting of a lobed core of xylem with phloem between the lobes.

Answer 28

Dicot

Question 29

Transverse section of a root with parenchyma in the center. The stele of many monocot roots is a vascular cylinder with a core of parenchyma surrounded by a ring of alternating xylem and phloem.

Answer 29

Monocot

Question 30

provides protection to the inner tissue of the root

Answer 30

Epidermis

Question 31

have extensions so called root hairs, provide a large surface area available for water uptake in the soil

Answer 31

epidermis

Question 32

Storage of photosynthetic products * Active in the uptake of water and minerals

Answer 32

cortex

Question 32

In the outer vascular cylinder one cell thick that forms a boundary between the cortex and stele (vascular cylinder); encloses the vascular cylinder

Answer 32

endodermis

Question 32

Contains the Casparian strip

Answer 32

endodermis

Question 33

Band of altered walls in endodermis ❖ With lignin and suberin component ❖ Involve in controling the apoplastic transport of water and minerals in the root

Answer 33

casparian strips

Question 34

Found just inside (beneath) the endodermis * May become meristematic * Responsible for the formation of the lateral or branch roots

Answer 34

pericycle

Question 35

Xylem and Phloem • Forms a ring near center of the plant

Answer 35

vascular tissues

Question 36

* At the central most part in monocot stems * Composed of parenchyma cells

Answer 36

Pith

Question 37

Roots grow in length as their ______ produces new cells near the root tip.

Answer 37

Apical meristem

Question 38

Arise from within the pericycle, the outermost cell layer in the vascular cylinder (beneath the endodermis)

Answer 38

Lateral or branch root

Question 39

The root tip is covered by a root cap, which protects the delicate apical meristem as the root pushes through soil during primary growth

Answer 39

Primary growth of the roots

Question 40

Occurs in many roots and usually results in the thickening of the root diameter by the addition of vascular tissues

Answer 40

Secondary growth of the roots

Question 41

Add thickness to woody plants through secondary growth

Answer 41

Lateral Meristems

Question 42

Occurs in stems and roots of woody plants but rarely in leaves

Answer 42

Secondary growth

Question 43

The secondary plant body * Consists of the tissues produced by the _______ (produces secondary xylem & phloem) and ______ (produces cork or phellem)

Answer 43

vascular cambium and cork cambium

Question 44

Formation of secondary vascular tissues:

Answer 44

Initiation of secondary growth Division of vascular cambium Resumption of the meristematic character of pericycle

Question 45

Occurs when the cells in the residual procambium and parts of the pericycle begin to make periclinal (parallel to the surface) divisions. The inner layer of cells becomes the vascular cambium. The outer layer retained as pericycle.

Answer 45

Initiation of secondary growth

Question 46

The daughter cells that result from these divisions differentiate into secondary xylem if they divide off towards the inside of the root. If they divide towards the outer surface of the root, secondary phloem form.

Answer 46

division of vascular cambium

Question 47

-The pericycle resumes its meristematic character and begins to divide periclinally again. At this point it is now called phellogen or the cork cambium.

Answer 47

resumption of meristimatic character of pericycle

Question 48

Some roots forms an outer protective layer called ___ (dermal layer) which originates from the pericycle and replaces the epidermis.

Answer 48

periderm

Question 49

The cork cambium forms ____ (cork cells) towards the outside of the plant. These cells are dead at maturity. They are ___ which makes the cells impermeable to water.

Answer 49

phellem cells, suberized

Question 50

The cork cambium also produces the _____, a tissue consisting of cells that are living at maturity.

Answer 50

phelloderm