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ROOTS Flashcards

1
Q

The basic morphology of vascular plants reflects their
evolutionary history as

A

Terrestrial Organisms

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2
Q

Plants, like multicellular animals have organs
composed of different tissues, which are in turn composed
of cells. Three basic organs evolved:

A

Roots, stems, and leaves

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3
Q

Plant organ that grows below
or underground.

A

Root

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3
Q

First organ to emerge from the
seed.

A

Root

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4
Q

Roots need _______ from
photosynthesis;

A

Sugars

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5
Q

while shoots
rely on ______ and
_______ absorbed

A

Water and minerals

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6
Q

Major functions of the root

A

absorption and anchorage

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7
Q

The absorption of water and
minerals occurs

A

near the root tips

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8
Q

Specialized functions of the root:

A

Support
Protection
Storage
Reproduction
Photosynthesis
Aeration

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9
Q

Short________cover the
tuberous base of the epiphytic
ant-plant Myrmecodia
tuberosa

A

root spines

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10
Q

modified roots:

A

Prop(brace) roots
Storage roots
Strangling aerial roots
Buttress roots
pneumatophores

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11
Q

Roots which grow from the stems or leaves are
called

A

Adventitious roots

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12
Q

4 parts of leaves

A

bud
shoots,
adventitious roots
notch

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13
Q

In several plants the adventitious roots
become green and perform
photosynthesis.

A

Photosynthetic or
assimilatory roots:

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13
Q

examples of Photosynthetic or
assimilatory roots:

A

Tinaspora

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13
Q

Photosynthetic or
assimilatory roots: roots occur as green
hanging threads from the nodes of
stem during rainy season. They
assimilate ______

in the presence of

sunlight.

A

Carbon dioxide or Co2

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14
Q

Epiphytic roots also called

A

hygroscopic roots

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15
Q

These roots develop in
some orchids which grow as
epiphytes upon the trunks or
branches of trees.

A

epiphytic roots

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15
Q

epiphytic roots hang freely in the air
and absorb moisture with the
help of special sponge like tissue
called ________

A

velamen

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16
Q

Oxygen can enter the roots
through the lenticels, pass into
the abundant _______, and
move to the rest of the plant.

A

aerenchyma

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17
Q

has a main primary root which is
conspicuously longer and usually thicker and few
branch or lateral roots; typical in dicots

A

taproot system

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18
Q

primary root stops
growing (or disappears) and numerous lateral (or
adventitious) roots grow and develop from the base
of the stem and take the place of primary root; typical
in monocots

A

Fibrous(diffuse) root system

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18
Q

is made of parenchyma cells and protects the inner layers of the root

A

root cap

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19
Q

has side roots and fully differentiated tissues

A

mature region

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20
Q

supply the
submerged portions of the plant
with oxygen because these
roots emerge above the water
and have large lenticels.

A

Pneumatophores

21
Q

Four cell regions L.S.

A

Root cap
zone of elongation
zone of cell division
one of maturation

21
Q

consists of large parenchyma cells that rupture and
exude slimy fluid to lubricate the root tip so that it
passes easily through the soil

A

Root cap or Calyptra

22
Q

add new cells to the root cap and to the region of
elongation

A

Zone of cell division or meristimatic zone

23
Q

responsible for the increase in length of the root

A

Zone of elongation

23
Q

cells in this region begin to differentiate and develop into many
tissues (differentiated)

A

zone of maturation

23
Q

forms

– a waterproof barrier material surrounding the

vasculature (vascular tissues)

A

Casparian Strip

24
Q

Three primary meristems of the root tip
(derived from the apical meristem)

A

protoderm
procambium
ground meristem

25
Q

differentiates into the epidermis

A

protoderm

26
Q

(also called provascular tissue) - which gives
rise to the primary vascular tissues (xylem & phloem)

A

procambium

27
Q

give rise to the fundamental or ground

tissue system

A

ground meristem

28
Q

Transverse section of a typical root. In the
roots of typical gymnosperms and eudicots, as
well as some monocots, the stele is a vascular
cylinder consisting of a lobed core of xylem
with phloem between the lobes.

A

Dicot

29
Q

Transverse section of a root with parenchyma
in the center. The stele of many monocot roots
is a vascular cylinder with a core of parenchyma
surrounded by a ring of alternating xylem and phloem.

A

Monocot

30
Q

provides protection to the inner tissue of the root

A

Epidermis

31
Q

have extensions so called root hairs, provide a large surface
area available for water uptake in the soil

A

epidermis

32
Q

Storage of photosynthetic products
* Active in the uptake of water and minerals

A

cortex

32
Q

In the outer vascular cylinder one cell thick that forms a
boundary between the cortex and stele (vascular cylinder);
encloses the vascular cylinder

A

endodermis

32
Q

Contains the Casparian strip

A

endodermis

33
Q

Band of altered walls in endodermis
❖ With lignin and suberin component
❖ Involve in controling the apoplastic transport of water and
minerals in the root

A

casparian strips

34
Q

Found just inside (beneath) the endodermis
* May become meristematic
* Responsible for the formation of the lateral or branch roots

A

pericycle

35
Q

Xylem and Phloem
• Forms a ring near center of the plant

A

vascular tissues

36
Q
  • At the central most part in monocot stems
  • Composed of parenchyma cells
A

Pith

37
Q

Roots grow in length
as their ______ produces
new cells near the
root tip.

A

Apical meristem

38
Q

Arise from within the pericycle, the outermost cell layer in
the vascular cylinder (beneath the endodermis)

A

Lateral or branch root

39
Q

The root tip is covered by a root cap, which protects the
delicate apical meristem as the root pushes through soil during
primary growth

A

Primary growth of the roots

40
Q

Occurs in many roots and usually results in the
thickening of the root diameter by the addition of
vascular tissues

A

Secondary growth of the roots

41
Q

Add thickness to woody plants through
secondary growth

A

Lateral Meristems

42
Q

Occurs in stems and roots of woody plants but
rarely in leaves

A

Secondary growth

43
Q

The secondary plant body
* Consists of the tissues produced by the _______ (produces secondary xylem & phloem)
and ______ (produces cork or phellem)

A

vascular cambium and cork cambium

44
Q

Formation of secondary vascular tissues:

A

Initiation of secondary growth
Division of vascular cambium
Resumption of the meristematic character of pericycle

45
Q

Occurs when the cells in
the residual procambium and parts of the pericycle begin to make
periclinal (parallel to the surface) divisions. The inner layer of
cells becomes the vascular cambium. The outer layer retained
as pericycle.

A

Initiation of secondary growth

46
Q

The
daughter cells that result from these divisions differentiate into
secondary xylem if they divide off towards the inside of the root. If
they divide towards the outer surface of the root, secondary
phloem form.

A

division of vascular cambium

47
Q

-The pericycle resumes its meristematic character and
begins to divide periclinally again. At this point it is now called
phellogen or the cork cambium.

A

resumption of meristimatic character of pericycle

48
Q

Some roots forms an outer protective layer called ___
(dermal layer) which originates from the pericycle and replaces the
epidermis.

A

periderm

49
Q

The cork cambium
forms ____
(cork cells) towards the
outside of the plant.
These cells are dead
at maturity. They are
___ which
makes the cells
impermeable to water.

A

phellem cells, suberized

50
Q

The cork cambium also
produces the
_____, a tissue
consisting of cells that
are living at maturity.

A

phelloderm

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