Root List - Kaplan Flashcards
a/an
not, without
agnostic, amoral, anomaly, anonymous, apathy, atheist, atrophy, atypical
ab
off, away from, apart, down
abdicate, abduct, abhor, abject, abnormal, abolish, abstinence, abstract, abstruse
able/ible
capable of, worthy of
changeable, combustible, inevitable, presentable
ac/acr
sharp, bitter, sour
acerbic, acid, acrimonious, acumen, acute, exacerbate
acou
hearing
acoustic
act/ag
to do, to drive, to force, to lead
agile, agitate, pedagogue, prodigal, synagogue
ad
to, toward, near
(Often d is dropped and first letter is doubled)
accede, adapt, addict, address, adhere, adjacent, adjoin, admire, advocate, attract
al/ali/alter
other, another
alias, alibi, alien, allegory, alter ego, alternative, altruist
am
love
amateur, amatory, amiable, amicable, amity, amorous, enamored, inamorata
ambi/amphi
both, on both sides, around
ambidextrous, ambient, ambiguous, amphibian
ambl/ambul
to go, to walk
ambulance, ambulatory, perambulator, preamble
anim
of the life, mind, soul, breath
animal, animosity, equanimity, magnanimous, unanimous
annui/enni
year
annals, anniversary, annual, annuity, perennial
ant/ante
before
antebellum, antecedent, antedate, antediluvian, anterior
anthro/andr
man, human
androgen, androgynous, android, anthropocentric, anthropology, misanthrope, philanderer
anti
against, opposite
antibody, antidote, antipathy, antipodal, antiseptic
apo
away
apocalypse, apocryphal, apogee, apology, apostasy, apostle
aqua/aque
water
aquamarine, aquarium. aquatic, aqueduct, subaqueous
arch/archi/archy
chief, principal, ruler
anarchy, archenemy, architect, monarchy, oligarchy
ard
burn
ardent, ardor, arson
auto
self
autocrat, automatic, autonomy
be
able, to make, to surround, to affect
(often to make transitive verbs)
belie, belittle, bemoan, bewilder
bel/bell
beautiful
belle, embellish
bell
war
antebellum, belligerent, rebel
ben/bene
good
benediction, benefit, benevolent, benign
bi/bin
two
biennial, bilateral, bilingual, binocular, bipartisan, combination
bon/boun
good, generous
bona fide, bonus, bountiful
brev/brid
short, small
abbreviate, abridge, brevet, breviloquent, brevity, brief
burs
purse, money
bursar, bursary, disburse, reimburse
cad/cid
to fall, to happen by chance
accident, cascade, coincidence, decadent, recidivist
cant/cent/chant
to sing
accent, chant, enchant, incantation, incentive, recant
cap/cip/cept
to take, to get
anticipate, capture, emancipate, percipient, precept, susceptible
cap/capit/cipit
head, headlong
capital, capitulate, caption, disciple, precipice, precipitate
card/cord/cour
heart
cardiac, concord, concordance, discord, encourage
carn
flesh
carnage, carnival, carnivorous, incarnation, reincarnation
cast/chast
to cut
cast, caste, castigate, chaste, chastise
caus/caut
to burn
caustic, cauterize, cautery, holocaust
ced/ceed/cess
to go, to yield, to stop
accede, antecedent, cessation, concede, incessant, predecessor
celer
speed
accelerant, accelerate, celerity, decelerate
cent
hundred, hundredth
bicentennial, cent, centigrade, centimeter, centipede, century, percent
centr
center
centrifuge, centrist, concentrate, concentric, eccentric
cern/cert/cret/crim/crit
to separate, to judge, to distinguish, to decide
ascertain, certitude, criterion, discreet, discrete, hypocrite
chrom
color
chromatic, chrome, chromosome, monochromatic
chron
time
anachronism, chronic, chronology, chronometer, synchronize
circu/circum
around
circuit, circuitous, circumference, circumspect, circumstance
cis
to cut
exorcise, incision, incisive, precise, scissors
cla/clo/clu
to shut, to close
claustrophobia, cloister, conclude, disclose, exclusive, preclude
claim/clam
to shout, to cry out
clamor, disclaim, exclaim, proclaim, reclaim
cli
to lean toward
climax, decline, disinclination, proclivity, recline
co/col/com/con
with, together
coerce, collaborate, collide, commensurate, compatible, conciliate, connect
cogn/conn
to know
cognition, incognito, recognize
contra/contro/counter
against
contradict, contrary, controversy, counterfeit, countermand, encounter
corp/corps
body
corporation, corps, corpse, corpulent, corset, incorporation
cosm
order, universe, world
cosmetic, cosmic, cosmology, cosmonaut, cosmopolitan, cosmos, microcosm
cour/cur
running, a course
concur, courier, curriculum, cursive, cursory, excursion, incursion, recur
cre/cresc/cret
to grow
accretion, accrue, creation, excrescence, increase, increment
cred
to believe, to trust
credentials, credit, credo, credulity, incredible
crypt
hidden
apocryphal, crypt, cryptography, cryptology
cub/cumb
to lie down
cubicle, incubate, incumbent, recumbent, succumb
culp
fault, blame
culpable, culprit, inculpate, mea culpa
dac/doc
to teach
didactic, docile, doctor, doctrine, indoctrinate
de
away, off, down, completely, reversal
decipher, defame, deferential, defile, delineate, descend
dele
to erase
delete, indelible
dem
people
democracy, demographics, endemic, epidemic, pandemic
dext
right hand, right side, deft
ambidextrous, dexter, dexterity
di
day
dial, diary, dismal, diurnal, meridian, quotidian
di/dia
in two, through, across
diagnose, dialogue, diameter, dichotomy
di/dif/dis
away from, apart, reversal, not
diffuse, dilate, dilatory, dispers, disseminate, dissipate, dissuade
dic/dict/dit
to say, to tell, to use words
dictionary, interdict, predict, verdict
dign
worth
condign, deign, dignitary, dignity, disdain
dog/dox
opinion
dogma, orthodox, paradox
dol
to suffer, to pain, to grieve
condolence, doleful, dolorous, indolence
don/dot/dow
to give
anecdote, antidote, donate, endow, pardon
dorm
sleep
dormant, dormitory
dors
back
dorsal, endorse
dub
doubt
dubiety, dubious, indubitable
duc/duct
to lead
abduct, conducive, conduct, induce, induct, produce
dulc
sweet
dulcet, dulcified, dulcimer
dur
hard, lasting
dour, durable, diration, duress, endure, obdurate
dys
faulty, abnormal
dysfunctional, dyslexia, dyspepsia, dystrophy
e/ex
out, out of, from, former, completely
efface, evade, exclude, exonerate, expire, extricate
ego
self
ego, egocentric, egoism/egotism
em/en
in, into
embrace, enclose
epi
upon
epidemic, epidermis, epigram, epilogue, epithet
equ
equal, even
adequate, equation, equidistant, iniquity
err
to wander
err, errant, erratic, error
esce
becoming
adolescent, convalescent, incandescent, obsolescent, reminiscent
eu
good, well
eugenics, eulogy, euphemism, euphony, euthanasia
extra
outside, beyond
extract, extradite, extraordinary, extrapolate, extrasensory
fab/fam
to speak
affable, defame, fable, famous, ineffable
fac/fic/fig/fait/feit/fy
to do, to make
configuration, counterfeit, deficient, effigy, faction, factory, prolific, ratify
fal
to err, to deceive
default, fail, fallacy, false, faux pas, infalliable
fatu
foolish
fatuity, fatuous, infatuated
fer
to bring, to carry, to bear
confer, offer, proffer, proliferate, referendum
ferv
to boil, to bubble
effervescent, fervid, fervor
fi/fid
faith, trust
affidavit, confide, fidelity, fiduciary, infidel
fin
end
confine, definitive, final, infinite, infinitesimal
flagr/flam
to burn
conflagration, flagrant, flambeau, inflame
flect/flex
to bend, to turn
deflect, flexible, genuflect, inflect, reflect
flu/flex
to flow
confluence, effluence, fluctuation, fluid, mellifluous
fore
before
foreshadow, foresight, forestall, forthright
fort
chance
fortuitous, fortunate, fortune
fort
strength
forte, fortify, fortissimo
fra/frac/frag/fring
to break
fractious, fracture, fragment, infringe, refractory
fug
to flee, to fly
centrifugal, fugitive, fugue, refuge, refugee, subterfuge
fulg
to shine
effulgent, refulgent
fum
smoke
fume, fumigate, perfume
fus
to pour
diffuse, fusillade, infusion, profuse, suffuse
gen
birth, creation, race, kind
carcinogenic, congenital, gender, generous, genetics, progeny
gni/gno
to know
agnostic, diagnose, ignoramus, ignore, prognosis
grad/gress
to step
aggressive, degrade, digress, egress, progress, regress
gram/graph
to write, to draw
diagram, epigram, grammar, graph, graphite, photograph
grat
pleasing
gracious, grateful, gratuity, ingratiate
greg
flock
aggregate, congregate, egregious, gregarious, segregate
hap
by chance
haphazard, hapless, happen, happily, happy, mishap, perhaps
hemi
half
hemisphere, hemistich
her/hes
to stick
adherent, adhesive, coherent, inherent
(h)etero
different, other
heterodox, heterogeneous, heterosexual
hol
whole
catholic, holocaust, hologram, holograph, holistic
(h)om
same
anomaly, homeostasis, homogeneous, homonym, homosexual
hum
earth
exhume, humble, humility
hyper
over, excessive
hyperactive, hyperbole, hyperglycemia
hypo
under, beneath, less than
hypochondriac, hypocritical, hypodermic, hypothesis
icon
image, idol
icon, iconic, iconoclast, iconology
idio
one’s own
idiom, idiosyncrasy, idiot
in/im
in, into
(often m is dropped and first letter is doubled)
implicit, incarnate, indigenous, influx, intrinsic
in/im
not, without
(often m is dropped and first letter is doubled)
immoral, impartial, inactive, indigent, indolence, innocuous
inter
between, among
interim, interloper, intermittent, intersperse, interstate
intra
inside, within
intramura, intrastate, intravenous
it/iter
way, journey
ambition, circuit, itinerant, itinerary, reiterate, transit
ject
to throw, to throw down
abject, conjecture, dejected, eject, inject
joc
joke
jocose, jocular, jocund, joke
join/jug/junct
to meet, to join
adjoin, conjugal, conjunction, injunction, junction, junta, rejoinder, subjugate
jour
day
adjourn, journal, journey
jud
to judge
adjudicate, judiciary, judicious, prejudice
jur
law, to swear
abjure, adjure, jurisprudence, perjury
juv
young
juvenile, juvenilia, rejuvenate
lang/ling
tongue
bilingual, language, linguistics
laud
praise, honor
cum laude, laudable, laudatory
lav/lau/lu
to wash
ablution, antediluvian, deluge, dilute, laundry, lavatory
lax/leas/les
loose
lax, laxative, lease, leash, relax, release
lec/leg/lex
to read, to speak
dialect, lectern, lecture, legend, legible, lesson, lexicographer, lexicon
lect/leg
to select, to choose
collect, eclectic, elect, predilection, select
lev
to lift, to rise, light (weight)
alleviate, levee, levitate, levity, relevant, relieve
li/lig
to tie, to bind
ally, league, liable, liaison, lien, ligament, ligature, oblige, rely
liber
free
deliver, liberal, liberality, liberate, libertine, liberty, livery
lith
stone
acrolith, lithography, lithology, lithotomy, megalith, monolith
loc/log/loqu
word, speech, thought
colloquial, dialogue, elocution, eulogy, grandiloquent, loquacious, prologue
luc/lum/lus
light (brightness)
illuminate, illustrate, illustrious, lackluster, lucid, luminous, translucent
lud/lus
to play
allude, delude, elude, illusion, ludicrous, prelude
macro
great, long
macro, macrobiotics, macrocephalous, macrocosm, macroscopic
mal/male
bad, ill, evil, wrong
maladroit, malady, malapropism, malediction, malfeasance, malfunction, malicious, malign
man/manu
hand
emancipate, manifest, manual, manufacture
mand/mend
to command, to order, to entrust
command, commend, countermand, demand, mandatory, recommend, remand
medi
middle
immediate, intermediate, mean, mediate, medieval, mediocre, medium
mega
large, great
megalith, megalomania, megalopolis, megaphone, megaton
micro
very small
microbe, microcosm, micron, microorganism, microscope
min
small
diminish, diminution, miniature, minute, minutiae
min
to project, to hang over
eminent, imminent, preeminent, prominent
mis
bad, wrong, to hate
misadventure, misanthrope, misapply, mischance, mischief, misconstrue, misfit
mis/mit
to send
emissary, intermittent, remission, remit, transmit
misc
mixed
miscellaneous, promiscuous
mob/mom/mot/mov
to move
automobile, demote, immovable, locomotion, mob, mobile, mobilize, moment, momentous, momentum, motion, motive, motor, mutiny, promote, remove
moll
soft
emollient, mild, mollify, mollusk
mon/monit
to remind, to warm
admonish, monitor, monument, premonition, remonstrate, summon
mon/mono
one
monarchy, monk, monochord, monogram, monograph, monologue, monomania, monotonous
mor/mort
death
immortal, morbid, moribund
morph
shape
amorphous, anthropomorphism, metamorphosis
mult
many
multiple, multiplex, multiply, multitudinous
mut
to change
commute, immutable, mutation, permutation, transmute
nat/nas/nai/gna
birth
cognate, naive, nascent, native, natural, renaissance
nau/nav
ship, sailor
astronaut, circumnavigate, cosmonaut, nauseous, nautical, naval, nave, navy
nihil
nothing, none
annihilate, nihilism
noc/nox
harm
innocent, innocuous, noxious, obnoxious
noct/nox
night
equinox, noctambulant, nocturnal, nocturne
nom
rule, order
astronomy, autonomy, economy, gastronomy, taxonomy
nom/nym/noun/nown
name
acronym, anonymous, nomenclature, nominal, nominate, noun, renown, synonym
non
not
nonconformist, nonentity, nonpareil, nonpartisan
nounc/nunc
to announce
announce, pronounce, renounce
nov/neo/nou
new
innovate, neologism, neophyte, neoplasm, nouveau riche, novice, renovate
null
nothing
annul, nullify, nullity
ob
toward, to, against, over
obese, obfuscate, oblique, obsequious, obstinate, obstreperous, obstruct, obtuse
omni
all
omnibus, omnipotent, omnipresent, omniscient
oner
burden
exonerate, onerous, onus
oss/oste
bone
ossify, ossuary, osteopathy
pac/peac
peace
appease, pacifier, pacify, pact
palp
to feel
palpable, palpate, palpitate
pan/pant
all, everyone
pandemic, panegyric, panoply, panorama, pantheon
par
equal
apartheid, disparage, disparate, par, parity
para
next to, beside
parable, paragon, parallel, paranoid, parasite, parody
pas/pat/path
feeling, suffering, disease
compassion, dispassionate, empathy, impassive, pathogenic, sociopath, sympathy
pau/po/pov/pu
few, little, poor
impoverish, paucity, pauper, poverty, puerile, pusillanimous
pec
money
impecunious, peculation, pecuniary
ped
child, education
encyclopedia, pedagogue, pedant, pediatrician
ped/pod
foot
antipodes, expedite, impede, pedal, pedestrian, podium
pel
to drive, to push
compel, dispel, expel, impel, propel
pen/pene
almost
peninsula, penultimate, penumbra
pen/pun
to pay, to compensate
penal, penalty, penance, penitent, punitive
pend/pens
to hang, to weigh, to pay
appendage, appendix, compensate, depend, indispensable, stipend
per
completely
perforate, perfunctory, perplex, persistent, perspicacious, pertinacious, peruse
peri
around
perimeter, peripatetic, periscope
pet/pit
to go, to seek, to strive
appetite, centripetal, compete, impetuous, petition, petulant
phil
love
bibliophile, philatelist, philology, philosopher
phob
fear
claustrophobia, hydrophobia, phobia, xenophobia
phon
sound
euphony, megaphone, phonetics, polyphony, telephone
photo
light
photograph, photon, photosynthesis
plac
to please
complacent, complaisant, implacable, placebo, placid
ple/plen
to fill, full
complete, deplete, implement, plenitude, plethora, replete, supplement
plex/plic/ply
to fold, twist, tangle, or bend
complex, duplicity, implicate, implicit, replica, supplicate
poly
many
polyandry, polygamy, polyglot, polygon, polytheism
pon/pos/pound
to put, to place
component, expose, expound, juxtapose, repository
port
to carry
deportment, disport, export, import, importune, portable
post
behind, after
post facto, posterior, posterity, posthumous
pot
to drink
potable, potation, potion
pre
before, in front
precarious, precedent, precept, precocious, premonition, presentiment
prehend/prise
to take, to get, to seize
apprehend, comprise, enterprise, reprehensible, reprisals, surprise
pri/prim
first
primal, primary, prime, primeval, pristine
pro
in front, before, much, for
problem, proceed, profuse, prolific, propound, proselytize, provident
prob
to prove, to test
approbation, opprobrium, probe, probity, reprobate
prop/prox
near
approximate, proximate, proximity
prot/proto
first
protagonist, protocol, prototype, protozoan
pseud/pseudo
false
pseudonym, pseudopod, pseudoscience
pug
to fight
impugn, pugilist, pugnacious, repugnant
punc/pung/poign
to point, to prick, to pierce
compunction, expunge, point, punctilious, puncture, pungent
pyr
fire
pyre, pyromania, pyrosis, pyrotechnics
quad/quar/quat
four
quadrant, quadrille, quadruple, quadruplets, quart, quaternary
que/quis
to seek
acquire, conquest, exquisite, inquisitive, perquisite, querulous, query
quie/quit
quiet, rest
acquiesce, disquiet, quiescence, quiet, tranquil
quin/quint
five
quinquennial, quintessence, quintuple
raci/radi
root
deracinate, eradicate, radical, radish
rami
branch
ramification, ramiform
re
back, again
recline, regain, remain, reorganize, request
rect
straight, right
correct, direct, erect, rectangle, rectitude
reg
king, rule
interregnum, realm, regal, regent, regicide, regiment, regular
retro
backward
retroactive, retrofit, retrograde, retrospective
rid/ris
to laugh
derision, risible
rog
to ask
abrogate, arrogant, arrogate, derogatory, interrogate, surrogate
rub/rud
red
rogue, rubella, rubicund, rubric, russet
rud
crude
erudite, rude, rudimentary, rudiments
sacr/sanct
holy
execrable, sacrament, sacred, sacrifice, sacrilege, sanctify, sanction
sag/sap/sav
taste, thinking, discerning
insipid, sagacious, sage, sapient, savant, savor
sal
salt
salary, saline
sal/sil/sault/sult
to leap, to jump
assault, desultory, exult, insolent, insult, resilient, salient, somersault
salu
health
salubrious, salutary, salute
salv
to save
salvage, salvation, savior
san
healthy
sane, sanitarium, sanitary
sang
blood
consanguinity, sanguinary, sanguine
sat
enough
assets, dissatisfied, sate, satisfy, saturate
sci
to know
conscience, conscious, omniscient, prescient, unconscionable
scribe/script
to write
ascribe, circumscribe, conscription, describe, postscript, proscribe, scribble, script, transcript
se
apart, away
secede, sedition, seduce, segregate, select, separate, sequester
sec/sequ/sue/sui
to follow
non sequitur, obsequious, prosecute, pursue, second, sequence, suite
sed/sess/sid
to sit, to settle
assiduous, dissident, insidious, preside, resident, residual, sediment, session
sem
seed, to sow
disseminate, semen, seminary
semi
half
semicircle, semiconscious
sen
old
senate, senescent, senile, sire
sens/sent
to feel, to be aware
dissent, insensate, presentiment, resent, sense, sensory, sentiment, sentinel
sin/sinu
bend, fold, curve
insinuate, sinuous, sinus
sol
alone
desolate, isolate, soliloquize, solipsism, solitude
sol
to loosen, to free
absolution, dissolute, dissolution, dissolve, resolution, soluble
sol
sun
parasol, solar, solarium, solstice
somn
sleep
insomnia, somnambulist, sonmiferous, somniloquist, somnolent
soph
wisdom
philosopher, sophism, sophisticated
sourc/surg/surrect
to rise
insurgent, insurrection, resurrection, source, surge
spec/spic
to look, to see
circumspect, conspicuous, perspective, perspicacious, retrospective, specious, spectrum, speculation
spir
breath
aspire, expire, spirit
sta/sti
to stand, to be in place
apostasy, constitute, destitute, obstinate, stasis, static
strict/string/stran
to tighten, to bind
astringent, constrain, restriction, strangle
sua
sweet, pleasing, to urge
assuage, dissuade, persuade, suave
sub/sup
below, under
subliminal, submissive, subsidiary, subterfuge, subtle, suppose
summ
highest, total
consummate, sum, summary, summit
super/sur
over, above
supercilious, superfluous, superlative, supersede, surmount, surpass, surveillance
sym/syn
together
symbiosis, symmetry, sympathy, symposium, synonym, synthesis
tac/tic
to be silent
reticent, tacit, taciturn
tact/tag/tam/tang
to touch
contact, contagious, contaminate, contiguous, intact, intangible, tactile
tain/ten/tent/tin
to hold
abstention, detain, pertain, pertinacious, sustenance, tenable, tenacious, tenure
tend/tens/tent/tenu
to stretch, to thin
attenuate, contentious, distend, extenuating, tendentious, tension, tentative
test
to bear witness
attest, contest, detest, protest, testament, testify
theo
god
apotheosis, atheist, theocracy, theology
therm
heat
thermal, thermometer, thermonuclear, thermostat
tim
fear
intimidate, timid
tor/torq/tort
to twist
contort, distort, extort, torch, torque, tort, torture
torp
stiff, numb
torpedo, torpid, torpor
tox
poison
antitoxin, intoxication, toxic
tract
to drag, to pull, to draw
abstract, attract, contract, detract, protract, tractable, tractor
trans
across, beyond
intransigent, transaction, transcendent, transgress, transition, transparent
ult
last, beyond
penultimate, ulterior, ultimate, ultimatum, ultraviolet
umbr
shadow
adumbrate, penumbra, somber, umbrage, umbrella
un
not
unseen, unusual
und
wave
abound, inundate, undulate
uni/un
one
reunion, unanimous, unicorn, uniform, universe
urb
city
suburb, urban, urbane, urbanization
us/ut
to use
abuse, usage, usurp, utilitarian
vail/val
strength, use, worth
ambivalent, avail, convalescent, equivalent, evaluate, invalid, valediction, valid, value
ven/vent
to come or to move toward
adventitious, contravene, convene, intervene, venturesome
ver
truth
aver, veracious, verdict, verisimilitude, verity
verb
word
proverb, verbatim, verbose, verbiage
verd
green
verdant, verdure
vers/vert
to turn
aversion, avert, controversy, diverse, extrovert, inadvertent, introvert, revert
vi
life
convivial, joie de vivre, viable, vivacity, vivid
vid/vis
to see
adviser, evident, survey, video, vista
vil
base, mean
revile, vile, vilify
viru
poison
virulent, viruliferous, virus
voc/vok
call, word
advocate, avocation, convoke, equivocate, invoke, vocabulary, vocation, vociferous
vol
wish
benevolent, malevolent, volition, voluntary
volu/volv
to roll, to turn
convolution, evolve, revolt, revolve, voluble, volume
vor
to eat
carnivorous, omnivorous, voracious