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History - 1918-41 USA > Roosevelt And The New Deal > Flashcards

Roosevelt And The New Deal Flashcards

1
Q

What did FDR promise to do if he was elected

A

Use federal government money to directly help the unemployed

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2
Q

How many states voted for FDR

A

42/48

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3
Q

What were the 3 Rs for Roosevelt

A

Recovery
Relief
Reform

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4
Q

What was recovery for Roosevelt

A

An increased income for farmers, higher rate of industrial production and an end to the banking crisis

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5
Q

What was recovery for Roosevelt

A

An increased income for farmers, higher rate of industrial production and an end to the banking crisis

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6
Q

What was relief for Roosevelt

A

Meeting immediate needs to relieve hunger and poverty

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7
Q

What was reform for Roosevelt

A

A social security system that looked after US citizens

Improvements in the running of banks and businesses to ensure long term stability

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8
Q

How did Roosevelt provide more jobs

A

Government projects construction

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9
Q

What was the first thing Roosevelt did to try and tackle the bank crisis

A

EMERGENCY BANKING ACT

Closed all banks, then only allowed financially stable ones to reopen. He then encouraged people to redeposit savings

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10
Q

Name some alphabet agencies

A

AAA
NRA
FERA
CCC

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11
Q

What did the AAA do

A

It wanted to end overproduction so paid farmers to leave their land empty

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12
Q

What did the CCC do

A

Paid farmers to keep extra goods in their warehouse, rather than selling it

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13
Q

What did the FCA (farm credit administration) do

A

Helped 20% of farmers to pay their mortgages

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14
Q

What did the NRA do

A

It was set up to try and help industry recover. It set quotas on produce amounts, controlled prices, set wages, limited working hours and ended child labour. It was voluntary

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15
Q

What incentives were businesses offered if they joined the NRA

A

They could display the symbol of the NRA, the blue eagle. The symbol became popular amongst the public, who preferred businesses that had it

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16
Q

What did the National Industrial Recovery Act allow workers to do

A

Join unions, so they could fight for better pay, working hours and conditions.

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17
Q

How much did union membership rise from 1932 to 1939

A

1932 - 3.1m
1939 - 3.9m

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18
Q

What was the Federal Emergency Relief Act

A

$500m was provided for states to spend on relief. This was a grant, not a loan like what hoover had given the states

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19
Q

What was the Home Owner’s Refinancing Act

A

Mortgage payments were extended to 20 years rather than 5, so it was easier for people to pay, so less people lost their homes, helping 1m people to keep their homes

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20
Q

What did the Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC) do

A

Took unemployed men and gave them tough outdoor jobs for $30 per month, but most of this had to be sent home to families

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21
Q

What was the limitation of the CCC and how many people became part of it

A

It only employed men who were 17-23, so only 500k

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22
Q

What was the PWA

A

Public works association - $3.3b was spent to create big construction projects to provide jobs such as the Grand River Dam

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23
Q

What were the limitations of the PWA

A

Big projects take a long time to start and the people needed instant relief

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24
Q

What was the CWA and how many people did it help

A

A temporary agency to fix the problem of the PWA, by providing jobs like refurbishing schools and roads on a budget of $400m. Helped 4.2 million people survive the winter

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25
What was the TVA and what did it aim to do
The Tennessee valley authority aimed to: 1. Provide work for southerners 2. Generate and extend coverage of electricity to remote farms 3. Control flooding and improve the productivity of land It built 20 hydroelectric dams and educated farmers into new farming methods and how to look after the land better
26
What 6 things did Roosevelt do in his New Deal
1. Increase federal power 2. Restore faith in banks 3. Raise agricultural prices 4. Set up industrial codes 5. Provide work relief programmes 6. Help home and farm owners keep their property
27
What was the second new deal and why was it introduced
After 2 years of the new deal, national income was still low, unemployment still high and strikes common and new congress members wanted reform. This means that FDR introduced the second new deal, which aimed to: 1. Provide more work relief for the unemployed 2. Support workers in industry and improve their rights 3. Help the rural poor get their own land 4. Provide for the old during their retirement
28
What was the WPA
Works Progress Administration - employed 8 million on a budget of $11b. It helped any race, any profession, any age and any gender.
29
How did Roosevelt improve housing and work conditions
Built more suburban towns, replaced shanty towns with actual homes. Raised minimum wage,
30
What was the FSA
Farm Security Administration - offered $1b of loans to help farmers leave overworked land and to help sharecroppers and tenant farmers to buy their own land
31
What did the second Agricultural Adjustment Act do
Created COMPULSORY limits on production of farms
32
When was the second new deal introduced
1935
33
What was the social security act
Introduced pensions and unemployment insurance
34
What was the banking act of 1935
Created a board of governors of the Federal Reserve System chosen by FDR Gave various financial powers to the board, taking them from the more powerful banks. This meant that in 1936, 0 national banks closed
35
Why did electricity companies not run lines to remote farmers
It was not profitable
36
Why was it bad that remote farms did not have access to electricity
They could not use new technology that was changing life e.g. vacuum cleaners, electric cookers and fridges
37
Which alphabet agency led the electrification program from 1935
The Rural Electrification Administration (REA)
38
What percent of farms had electricity in 1930 and 1941
1930 - 10% 1941 - 35%
39
Why was the process of rural electrification slowed
Utility companies put down spite lines, which were lines near proposed locations for government lines to be laid, so they would struggle to get permission for their line from the REA
40
What was the sick chicken case
Schechter Poultry Corp. signed up to the NRA codes but then broke the rules of wages and conditions. They claimed that the government had no power over trade in a state and the supreme court agreed. This effectively closed down the NRA.
41
What effect did the forced closure of the NRA have and how did FDR react
Other alphabet agencies were threatened legally, e.g. the AAA was also challenged and lost, which meant that was closed too. Roosevelt responded by saying that these rulings went against the views of those who voted for him. He tried to remove lots of judges from the Supreme Court, but the bill wasn’t passed because they thought it was dictator-like, however the supreme court got the message and challenges to the new deal stopped
42
Why did republicans oppose FDR (3)
1. He was a democrat (the rivals of republicans) 2. He made the federal government too powerful 3. He spent too much money
43
Who won the 1936 election
FDR was re-elected
44
What happened to the power of FDR in 1938
The republicans became stronger and more popular so he was not able to pass more measures for the New Deal, effectively bringing it to a stop
45
What did businesses think of the new deal
They liked it until the crisis was resolved in 1933, then they did not like it because they did not want to be told what to do, unions or the large amount being spent
46
What did businesses think of the new deal
They liked it until the crisis was resolved in 1933, then they did not like it because they did not want to be told what to do, unions or the large amount being spent
47
Who was Huey long and why is he important
Governor of Louisiana and eventually a senator - criticised the new deal. Wanted to tax the rich and give to the poor, like he did in Louisiana. He was very popular with the people and his Share Our Wealth scheme had 8 million members
48
Who was Father Charles Coughlin and why is he important
A priest who had a radio show with 30m listeners, so when he turned against the new deal, this was bad for FDR. Coughlin said that the crash was the fault of financiers and bankers, but the new deal was also influenced by them, so was therefore ineffective. He also accused some people involved in being communist and that they were using FDR as a puppet.
49
When did the new deal end and why
1939 - America was largely recovered and WW2 became more important
50
When did the new deal end and why
1939 - America was largely recovered and WW2 became more important, however many alphabet agencies continued to operate in the background
51
What were the successes of the new deal (3)
1. Yearly farm income rose $2 billion 2. 6,000 banks reopened 3. Almost 3 million people were employed
52
What were some failures of the new deal (4)
1. Farm income did not reach the level of 1929 and tenant farmers were thrown off their land 2. The NRA codes did not have much impact on industry as many businesses ignored them. 3. Older industries still struggled and there was a deep recession from 1937-38 4. 106 banks had to close, despite funding
53
What percentage of people were unemployed in 1929, 1933, 1937, 1938 and 1941
1929 - 3.2% 1933 - 24.9% 1937 - 14.3% 1938 - 19% 1941 - 10%
54
How did the new deal help relief (3)
1. 8 million people were employed by the WPA 2. 35% of the people received government relief 3. The social security act provided unemployment insurance for the first time
55
How did the new deal help relief
1. The projects relied heavily on government spending 2. The work relief projects only provided work for 40% of those who needed it 3. The government did not spend enough on relief. 4. The poor needed social housing but the government built little
56
How did the new deal achieve reform (4)
1. Social security - helped families, unemployed, elderly and disabled for the first time 2. Industrial labour - conditions improved, minimum wages introduced, unions recognised and hours limited 3. Living conditions of rural areas - electrification, improvement of farmland and help to pay mortgages. 4. Financial regulation placed on the banking system and the stock market
57
How did the new deal fail to achieve reform (4)
1. The social security act only helped some people, excluding groups such as agricultural workers and servants. 2. The gap between the rich and the poor was not bridged at all 3. Most social security was paid for out of wages, not federal funding
58
How did the new deal help women (3)
1. They got more influence in politics because of FDR’s wife, Eleanor 2. Given specific help in the WPA 3. Provided with grants if they had dependent children
59
How did the new deal help women (3)
1. They got more influence in politics because of FDR’s wife, Eleanor 2. Given specific help in the WPA 3. Provided with grants if they had dependent children
60
How did the new deal fail to help women (3)
1. They were still paid around half of men’s salaries 2. The number of women in jobs fell 2% 3. Alphabet agencies provided way more help for men - CCC 2.5m jobs for men, 5,000 jobs for women
61
How did the new deal help black people (3)
1. ‘Black cabinet’ gave them more political power 2. 30% of black families received relief 3. There were some early signs of segregation going, e.g. CCC camps were interracial
62
How did the new deal fail to help black people (4)
1. The AAA forced black tenants off farmland 2. The NRA caused many blacks to lose their jobs 3. Relief payments were lower than to white people 4. Most black workers had no access to social security
63
How did the new deal fail to help black people (4)
1. The AAA forced black tenants off farmland 2. The NRA caused many blacks to lose their jobs 3. Relief payments were lower than to white people 4. Most black workers had no access to social security
64
How did the new deal help native Americans (3)
1. 7.4m acres of land was restored to them in 1934 in the Indian Reorganisation Act 2. Native Americans were given a chance to vote and govern themselves 3. The new law recognised the right of Native American women to vote
65
How did the new deal help native Americans (3)
1. 7.4m acres of land was restored to them in 1934 in the Indian Reorganisation Act 2. Native Americans were given a chance to vote and govern themselves 3. The new law recognised the right of Native American women to vote
66
How did the new deal not help native Americans (3)
1. Some policies (e.g. plans to kill lots of their sheep and goats) were unpopular 2. Most of them were still very poor 3. Many were largely reliant on New Deal agencies, so many struggled when they closed down.
67
What did the Wagner act do (3) and when was it made
1937 1. Labour unions strengthened, workers now legally entitled to join one. Unions could operate closed shops (where all employees have to join the majority union). 2. Company unions (a union funded by the employer, made to prevent independent unions to protect the workers) were banned 3. Offered federal protection to unions - NLRB (national labour relations board) set up, to supervise labour negotiations, defend fired workers and helping unions gain recognition from employers
68
What were the positives of the National Labour Relations Act (3)
1. Union membership rose to 9 million by 1940 2. Before the act, mostly only skilled craftsmen were in unions, but after, factory workers joined too 3. The NLRB grew to defend workers. It had 14 lawyers in 1935 and 226 in 1939
69
What were the negatives of the national labour relations act (Wagner act) (2)
1. Many unions had to strike to force companies to recognise them officially 2. Strikes could be violent, as employers tried to stop them
70
What did the banking act 1935 do (3)
1. Created a board of governors of the federal reserve system chosen by the president. 2. Gave various financial powers to the board 3. Took control of the national banking system away from thee powerful banks

History - 1918-41 USA (5 decks)

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