Roof Components

Question 1

INSPECTION SCOPE
(Choose the INCORRECT answer)

a) steep slope roof coverings may be defined as roof coverings installed on roofs that slope 4 inches vertically in 16 inches horizontally (4:16) or greater.
b) Most steep slope roof coverings are water shedding roof coverings.
c) A water shedding roof covering relies to some degree on a layer under the roof covering (the underlayment) to provide a water-resistive barrier system.
d) none of the above

Answer 1

a) steep slope roof coverings may be defined as roof coverings installed on roofs that slope 2 inches vertically in 12 inches horizontally (2:12) or greater.

Question 2

Asbestos Cement Shingles
(Choose the INCORRECT answer)

These shingles are most commonly seen as squares and rectangles, but they may also appear as polygons.

b) Thickness is about ⅛ for less expensive shingles to ¼ inch for the better quality shingles.
c) Asbestos was started in most building products in 1973.
d) none of the above

Answer 2

c) Asbestos was banned in most building products in 1973.

Question 3

Typical Defects of Shingle Roofs that home inspectors should report include all, EXCEPT:

a) absent shingles,
b) cracked and damaged shingles potentially allowing friable asbestos
c) roof penetration located in a valley
d) none of the above

Answer 3

d) none of the above

Question 4

Safety Issues of Shingle Roofs

Asbestos abatement and containment protocols must be followed during cutting and removal.

True or False

Answer 4

True

These procedures can be costly.

Question 5

Asphalt (Fiberglass, Composition) Shingles
(Choose the INCORRECT answer)

Two types of asphalt shingles are commonly available.

a) Sometimes called an organic shingle, it has a base made from felt impregnated with asphalt.
b) Asphalt shingles are also called composition shingles.
c) The three-tab strip shingle is the most expensive style and is found on many homes.
d) three-tab strip shingles have a flat profile and usually come with a 20 year warranty.

Answer 5

c) The three-tab strip shingle is the LEAST (not most) expensive style and is found on many homes.

Question 6

Typical Defects of Asphalt Shingle Roofs that home inspectors should report include all, EXCEPT:

a) shingle deterioration such as granule loss, visible fibers at edges, curling, and a stiff/ dry feel (cold shingles often feel stiff)
b) damaged and absent shingle tabs due to causes such as scraping by tree limbs, foot traffic, wind, and hail
c) absent sealant strip at first course
d) improper nail quantity and location
e) exposed or withdrawing wind chimes

Answer 6

e) exposed or withdrawing fasteners, NOT WIND CHIMES

Question 7

Safety Issues of Asphalt Shingle Roofs

Shingle roof covering defects rarely present safety issues; however, older shingles often present loose granules that can make walking on the roof them more difficult and dangerous.

True or False

Answer 7

True

Question 8

Concrete and Clay Tiles

a) Concrete tiles are made using Portland cement, water, and sand or some other aggregate.
b) Clay tiles are made using only clay.
c) The most common tile shapes are the spanish tile with an S shape, the Mission (pan and cover) tile with a C shape, and the flat (shingle) tile.
d) Flat tiles may have flat sides or may have grooves that lock the tile sides together.

Answer 8

b) Clay tiles are made using NOT only clay, but water, and other materials that add color and alter the tile’s hardness and durability.

Question 9

Typical Roof Covering Repairs
(Choose the INCORRECT answer)

a) loose tiles may be repositioned and secured
b) repair of cracked tiles with adhesive is recommended
c) tiles with minor chips at the corners may be left in place if the chip does not expose the underlayment
d) damaged or deteriorated underlayment should be replaced; this is common at eaves and gable rakes
e) a cracked mud ball should be replaced if the tiles it secures are loose

Answer 9

b) repair of cracked tiles with adhesive is NOT recommended

NOTE:
cracked tiles should be replaced

Question 10

Typical Defects Roof Covering Typical defects that home inspectors should report include ALL, EXCEPT:

a) tiles loose or not in installed position,
b) damaged or absent tiles including cracked tiles and tiles with significantly chipped edges,
c) inadequate head lap (usually at least 3 inches is recommended),
d) absent tacs at perimeter tiles

Answer 10

d) absent fasteners (NOT TACS) at perimeter tiles

Question 11

Safety Issues Tile Roof

Tile roof covering defects rarely present safety issues; however, tiles can be very slippery when wet, especially tiles with a glazed surface.

True or False

Answer 11

True

Question 12

Fiber Cement Roofing
(Choose the INCORRECT answer)

a) This roof covering is marketed as a lighter weight alternative to concrete tiles and clay tiles, slate, and wood shingles and shakes.
b) Weight per square is reported to be between 325 and 500 pounds depending on the style.
c) Thickness is reported to be around 3/4 inch.
d) The estimated service life is reported to be between 25 and 45 years.

Answer 12

c) Thickness is reported to be around 1/4 inch (not 3/4 inch)

Question 13

Metal Shingles
(choose the INCORRECT ANSWER)

a) Metal shingles are defined as being less than 3 square feet.
b) Metal panels are defined as being 3 square feet or more.
c) The service life of metal shingles is reported to be 50 years or more depending on the quality of the metal, on maintenance, and on the environment.
d) Weight per 100 square feet is around 200 pounds, less for some lightweight aluminum shingles, and more for shingles with an adhered aggregate coating.

Answer 13

d) Weight per 100 square feet is around 100 pounds (NOT 200 POUNDS), less for some lightweight aluminum shingles, and more for shingles with an adhered aggregate coating.

Question 14

Typical Roof Covering Repairs

a) rust may be repaired by removing the rust, priming, and painting,
b) small holes may be permanently patched using the same metal and soldering the patch to the metal, then priming and painting,
c) small holes may be temporarily patched using the same metal and adhering the metal patch to the shingle using flashing cement,
d) shingles may be replaced using a different installation method as the original shingles.

Answer 14

Typical Roof Covering Repairs

d) shingles may be replaced using the SAME (NOT DIFFERENT) installation method as the original shingles.

Question 15

Typical Defects of Metal Shingle Roof Covering Typical defects that home inspectors should report include all, EXCEPT:

a) deteriorated protective coatings
b) deteriorated (rusted) shingles
c) roof penetrations located on the side
d) damaged or open seams between shingles (especially flat shingles that were soldered).

Answer 15

c) roof penetrations located IN VALLEY, NOT ON THE SIDE

Question 16

Safety Issues Metal Shingle Roof Covering Defects

Defects rarely present safety issues; however, metal shingles can be very slippery when wet and can be damaged by foot traffic.

(True or False)

Answer 16

True

Question 17

Metal Panels
(Choose the INCORRECT answer)

a) Metal panels are defined as being 3 square feet or more.
b) Metal panels are installed in one of three ways: 1) standing seam roofs (low slope); 2) sealed seam roofs (low slope, minimum slope of ½:12); 3) Non-sealed (lapped) seam roofs (lapped and fastened), a steep slope roof covering with a minimum slope of 3:12.
c) The service life of metal panels is reported to be 50 years or more depending on the quality of the metal, on maintenance, and on the environment.
d) Underlayment is specified under metal panels

Answer 17

d) Underlayment is NOT specified under metal panels

Question 18

Typical Visible Defects of Metal Roof Panels that home inspectors should report include all, EXCEPT:

a) loose and absent fasteners
b) splayed washers at lapped seam roof fasteners
c) deteriorated protective coating and (rusted) panels
d) none of the above

Answer 18

d) none of the above

Question 19

Safety Issues Metal panel roof covering defects

Defects rarely present safety issues; however, metal panels can be very slippery when wet and can be damaged by foot traffic.

(True or False)

Answer 19

True

Question 20

Slate Shingles
(Choose the INCORRECT answer)

a) The service life of slate shingles is reported to be at least 50 years, however, slate roofs over 100 years old are known to exist.
b) The service life of soft slate shingles may be as little as 20 to 40 years while the service life of harder slate shingles may be 200 years or more.
c) Slate shingles are considered a very heavy roof covering. Weight per 100 square feet is between about 700 pounds to about 1,000 pounds for standard slate shingles, and can be as much as 10,000 pounds per square for large, thick slate shingles.
d) Slate shingles should be attached to the roof using nails specifically designed for slate shingles such as copper, stainless steel, bronze, or brass.

Answer 20

c) Slate shingles are considered a very heavy roof covering. Weight per 100 square feet is between about 700 pounds to about 1,000 pounds for standard slate shingles, and can be as much as 8,000 (NOT 10,000) pounds per square for large, thick slate shingles.

Question 21

Typical Slate Shingle Roof Covering
(Choose the INCORRECT answer)

a) loose shingles should be repositioned and secured
b) repair of shingles with adhesive or roofing cement is recommended
c) shingles with minor chips at the edges and minor delamination may be left in place
d) none of the above

Answer 21

b) repair of shingles with adhesive or roofing cement is NOT recommended, THEY SHOULD BE REPLACED

Question 22

Typical Defects Slate Shingle Roof Typical defects that home inspectors should report include all, EXCEPT:

a) shingles loose or not in installed position
b) damaged, deteriorated, and absent shingles, including cracked shingles, delaminating shingles, and shingles with significantly chipped edges
c) inadequate head wind
d) absent, exposed, and deteriorated fasteners

Answer 22

c) inadequate head lap, NOT HEAD WIND

Question 23

Synthetic Component (Polymer) Roof Coverings
(Choose the incorrect answer)

a) Weight per square is reported to be around 275 to 350 pounds
b) Thickness is reported to be around ½ inch.
c) Wood shingles and shakes are made from naturally durable wood (usually cedar) or from preservative treated wood such as southern yellow pine.
d) none of the above

Answer 23

d) none of the above

Question 24

Typical Shake/Shingle Roof Covering Repairs
(Choose the INCORRECT answer)

a) loose and absent shingles and shakes should be repositioned or replaced and secured.
b) split and damaged shingles should be repaired with super glue.
c) both a) and b)
d) none of the above

Answer 24

b) split and damaged shingles should be REPLACED (NOT repaired with super glue).

Question 25

Typical Defects Typical defects that home inspectors should report include all, EXCEPT:

a) shingles or shakes loose or not in installed position
b) absent or deteriorated shingles or shakes, including splits and curling
c) proper exposure
d) improper (too small or large) spacing (gap) between shingles or shakes

Answer 25

c) improper exposure (head lap)

Question 26

Safety Issues Shake/Shingle Roof

Wood roof covering defects rarely present safety issues; however, wood roof coverings can be slippery when wet and should not be walked on.

(TRUE OR FALSE)

Answer 26

TRUE

Question 27

Ice dams
(Choose the INCORRECT answer)

Typical Visible Evidence of Ice Dams

a) ice at the eaves and icicles hanging from eaves and gutters
b) visible water stains and damage under the eaves
c) visible water stains and damage on exterior walls and ceilings near exterior walls.
d) Ice barrier underlayment is not required in areas where ice is present.

Answer 27

d) Ice barrier underlayment IS required.

Question 28

LOW SLOPE ROOF COVERINGS
(Choose the INCORRECT answer)

a) Low slope roof coverings may be defined as roof coverings installed on roofs that slope between ¼ inch vertically in 12 inches horizontally (¼:12) and 2 inches vertically in 12 inches horizontally (2:12).
b) Low slope roof coverings are waterproof roof coverings.
c) Low slope roof coverings are correctly called flat roof coverings.
d) All roofs must slope toward drainage points to drain water.

Answer 28

c) Low slope roof coverings SHOULD NOT BE called flat roof coverings.

Question 29

Built-Up Roof Membranes (BURs)
Choose the INCORRECT ANSWER

a) Built-up roof membranes (BURs) consist of two or more layers of roofing felt or other membranes with each layer covered with bitumen (asphalt or coal tar) or a cold-applied adhesive.
b) Ballast (gravel) is often applied.
c) BURs are often called tar and gravel roofs.
d) The minimum roof slope should be 4:12.

Answer 29

d) The minimum roof slope should be 1/4:12 (not 4:12).

Question 30

Typical Defects for BURs Typical defects that home inspectors should report include all, EXCEPT:

a) minor alligatoring
b) damaged membrane such as holes, tears, and abrasion
3. deformed membrane such as wrinkles, blisters, and similar surface deformities
4. dirt, stains, or other evidence of water ponding (for more than 48 hours) due to improper drainage

Answer 30

a) minor surface alligatoring is usually considered cosmetic

DEEP ALLIGATORING is REPORTABLE.

Question 31

Mineral-Surfaced Roll Roofing
(Choose the INCORRECT answer)

a) Mineral-surfaced roll roofing usually comes in a 36 inch wide roll that is about 36 feet long (about 1 square).
b) It is sometimes called #90 roll roofing because in the past, rolls weighed 90 pounds.
c) Mineral-surfaced roll roofing is the same as modified bitumen roofing.
d) none of the above

Answer 31

c) Mineral-surfaced roll roofing is DIFFERENT FROM modified bitumen roofing.

Question 32

Typical Visible defects of Mineral Surfaced Roll Roofing that home inspectors should report include all, EXCEPT:

a) deteriorated membrane such as granule loss, visible fibers at edges, and curling
b) damaged membrane,
c) deformed membrane such as wrinkles, blisters, and similar surface deformities,
d) hidden nails

Answer 32

d) exposed (not hidden) nails

Question 33

Modified Bitumen Roofing

Polymer modified bitumen roof coverings are asphalt-based membrane-type roof covering systems and have a service life of 12-20 years.

a) Mineral-surfaced roll roofing is the same as modified bitumen.
b) Modified bitumen sheets are usually around 39 inches wide.
c) Distance between lap seems (parallel seams) should be more than 36 inches.
d) The minimum roof slope should be ¼:12.

Answer 33

a) Mineral-surfaced roll roofing is different from modified bitumen, NOT THE SAME AS.

NOTE: Penetrations of the membrane, AND Transitions between the membrane and vertical walls such as parapet walls are a common leak location.

Question 34

Typical Modified Bitumen Roof Covering Repairs
(Choose the INCORRECT answer)

a) This material may be repaired with a patch from the same material that is adhered over the area requiring repair.
b) Patches should have rounded corners and should usually measure at least 16 inches in both directions.
c) This material may be coated with a manufacturer-approved liquid coating to extend its service life.
d) none of the above

Answer 34

d) none of the above

Question 35

Typical Modified Bitumen Roof Covering Defects that home inspectors should report include all, EXCEPT:

a) Minor surface alligatoring
b) damaged membrane such as holes, tears, and abrasion
c) deformed membrane such as wrinkles, blisters, and similar surface deformities
d) dirt, stains, or other evidence of water ponding (for more than 48 hours) due to improper drainage

Answer 35

a) Deteriorated membrane such as deep alligatoring IS REPORTABLE, MINOR alligatoring is not.

Question 36

Polyurethane Foam Roofing
Choose the INCORRECT answer:

a) Polyurethane foam roof covering is a spray-applied closed cell foam.
b) Expected service life is reported to be around 30 years.
c) Polyurethane foam is an insulating material.
d) Unlike other roof coverings, it can provide a significant L-value.

Answer 36

d) Unlike other roof coverings, it can provide a significant R-VALUE, not L-value.

Question 37

Typical Polyurethane Roof Covering
Repairs

This material may be repaired as specified by the manufacturer. The repair method depends on the problem being repaired.

True or False

Answer 37

True

Question 38

Typical Polyurethane Roof Covering Defects that home inspectors should report include all, EXCEPT:

a) surface physical damage such as significant depressions caused by hail,
b) surface blisters
c) smooth texture
d) dirt, stains, or other evidence of water ponding (for more than 48 hours) due to improper drainage

Answer 38

c) REPORT “tree bark” texture, NOT SMOOTH TEXTURE (indicates improper foam application)

Question 39

Single-ply Membrane Roofing

Single-ply thermoplastic membranes include those made from Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC) and Thermoplastic Olefins (TPO)
(Choose the INCORRECT ANSWER)

a) Single-ply thermoset membranes include Ethylene Propylene Diene Terpolymer (EPDM), Hypalon, and Neoprene
b) Expected service life is reported to be around 30 years.
c) EPDM membranes come in different thicknesses (mostly 45 and 60 mils), widths (from about 7.5 to 50 feet), and colors (mostly white and black)
d) none of the above

Answer 39

d) none of the above

Question 40

Typical Single-ply Membrane Roof Covering Repairs
Choose the INCORRECT answer

a) this material may be repaired with a patch from the same material that is adhered over the area requiring repair
b) patches should have rounded corners and should usually measure at least 8 inches in both directions
c) this material may be repaired using manufacturer-approved tape that is adhered over the area requiring repair
d) the tape should have squared corners and should usually measure at least 6 inches in both directions.

Answer 40

d) the tape should have ROUNDED (NOT Squared) corners and should usually measure at least 6 inches in both directions.

Question 41

Typical Single-ply Membrane Roof Defects that home inspectors should report include all, EXCEPT:

a) Improved membrane
b) damaged membrane such as holes, tears, and abrasion
c) deformed membrane such as wrinkles, blisters, and similar surface deformities
d) dirt, stains, or other evidence of water ponding (for more than 48 hours) due to improper drainage

Answer 41

a) DETERIORATED (NOT Improved) membrane

Question 42

ROOF DRAINAGE SYSTEMS
(Choose the INCORRECT answer)

a) Lack of gutters is considered a reportable defect in most markets.
b) The most common gutter styles are the half-round and the L-shaped gutter called the R gutter.
c) Some gutters called Yankee Gutters are integrated into the eaves and lined with a roof covering material such as EPDM or metal.
d) none of the above

Answer 42

b) The most common gutter styles are the half-round and the L-shaped gutter called the K GUTTER, (NOT R) gutter.

Question 43

Typical Gutter Repairs

Gutters are usually repaired, and gutter seams are usually sealed, using silicone caulk.

(True or False)

Answer 43

True

Question 44

Typical Gutter Defects that home inspectors should report include all, EXCEPT:

a) gutter not sloped toward downspout, or are holding water
b) gutter leaks, especially at seams between sections, where downspouts connect, and at end caps
c) a few pebbles in gutters and downspouts
d) loose and poorly attached gutters and downspouts

Answer 44

c) debris blocking gutter GUARDS (not a few pebbles) in gutters and downspouts

Question 45

Low Slope Roof drainage
(Choose the INCORRECT ANSWER)

a) Drip edge flashing should be installed where water drains over the roof edge to reduce water damage at the point where water leaves the roof.
b) Roofs surrounded by vertical sidewalls (parapet walls) may drain through rectangular openings in the wall called scuppers.
c) One scupper or internal drain may not be the only roof drain.
d) none of the above

Answer 45

d) none of the above

Question 46

Typical Low Slope Roof Drainage Defects
(Choose the INCORRECT ANSWER)

a) dirt, staining, standing water, and other evidence of water remaining on the roof for more than 48 hours
b) leak evidence around scuppers and internal drains
c) pebbles in scuppers and internal drains
d) damaged, deteriorated, or absent components such as debris screens and flashing

Answer 46

c) debris BLOCKS scuppers and internal drains

Question 47

Roof Penetration flashing
(Choose the INCORRECT ANSWER)

a) Roof penetrations such as plumbing vents and fuel-fired appliance vents should be flashed with a boot (roof jack, thimble) that is compatible with the penetration and with the roof covering.
b) A chimney that is wider than 30 inches parallel to the ridge and does not run through the roof ridge should also have a cricket (saddle) that diverts water around the chimney.
c) Two types of plumbing vent flashing are available. These components are sometimes called shoes.
d) The lower quality type is made from materials such as neoprene and thermoplastics.

Answer 47

c) Two types of plumbing vent flashing are available. These components are sometimes called BOOTS (not shoes).

Question 48

Sidewall and Headwall Flashing

a) Vertical walls that run along the side of a roof are called sidewalls.
b) Vertical walls where a roof slopes up to meet the wall are called headwalls.
c) Flashing between a roof and a sidewall and headwall should be installed in a two component system that should be integrated into the roof covering system, and into the wall drainage plane.
d) The two flashing components are the top flashing and the counterflashing.

Answer 48

d) The two flashing components are the BASE (not TOP) flashing and the counterflashing.

Question 49

Typical Defects Sidewall and Headwall Flashing that inspectors should report include all, EXCEPT:

a) absent flashing including base flashing, counterflashing, kick out flashing, and head-wall flashing
b) counterflashing mechanically attached or attached using sealants
c) flashing too big or not run far enough up sidewall
d) upper flashing lapped under lower flashing

Answer 49

c) flashing too SMALL (not too big) or not run far enough up sidewall

Question 50

SKYLIGHTS (TUBULAR skylights or TUBULAR DAYLIGHTING devices)
(Choose the INCORRECT answer)

a) Skylights are any glazed opening that is sloped more than 15° from vertical.
b) Glass skylights and sloped glazing more than 12 feet above the walking surface and more than 16 square feet of surface area is out of scope for home inspection.
c) A minimum 4 inch tall curb is recommended for all rectangular skylights, and is required for skylights installed on a roof slope less than 3:12.
d) Improper framing is a common defect at skylights.

Answer 50

c) Glass skylights and sloped glazing more than 12 feet above the walking surface and more than 16 square feet of surface area is IN scope for home inspection.

Question 51

Typical Skylight Defects that home inspectors should report include all, EXCEPT:

a) damaged glazing including compromised hermetic seal between glazing
b) skylight glare
c) water stains caused by condensation that can look like water leaks (especially common in bathrooms and kitchens),
d) improper framing of ceiling joists and rafters at skylight (especially cut trusses)

Answer 51

b) skylight LEAKS, not glare

Question 52

Asphalt (Fiberglass, Composition) Shingles
(Choose the INCORRECT answer)

a) The dimensional shingle has a raised profile and usually has a 25 to 30 year warranty.
b) The most expensive shingle is the laminated shingle. It is two shingles bonded together to present a more pronounced raised profile.
c) The warranty on these shingles is usually 35+ years.
d) none of the above

Answer 52

d) none of the above

Question 53

Asphalt (Fiberglass, Composition) Shingles
(Choose the INCORRECT answer)

a) The weight per square ranges from about 200 pounds for less expensive three-tab shingles to over 400 pounds for laminated shingles.
b) A square is 100 square feet.
c) Look for framing issues when you see laminated shingles.
d) The minimum roof slope should be 4:14

Answer 53

d) minimum roof slope should be 2:12, not 4:14

Note that valleys are at a lower slope than the intersecting roof planes

Question 54

Asphalt (Fiberglass, Composition) Shingles
(Choose the INCORRECT answer)

a) Underlayment is specified under shingles.
b) Drip edge flashing is required at eaves
c) Underlayment should be installed under drip edge flashing at the eaves, and over drip edge flashing at the rakes.
d) Shingles should be attached using galvanized steel or aluminum roofing nails that are long enough to penetrate at least ¾ inch into the sheathing.

Answer 54

c) Underlayment should be installed OVER drip edge flashing at the eaves, and UNDER drip edge flashing at the rakes.

Question 55

Asphalt (Fiberglass, Composition) Shingles
(Choose the INCORRECT answer)

a) Nail location can be important.
b) Staples are currently permitted by the IRC.
c) Flashing cement usually has a thicker consistency and is intended for vertical surfaces.
d) Lap cement has a thinner consistency and is intended bonding shingles together.

Answer 55

b) Staples are a problematic shingle fastener and are NOT currently permitted by the IRC.

Question 56

Typical Defects of Asphalt Shingle Roofs that home inspectors should report include all, EXCEPT:

a) roof penetration in a valley
b) use of dimensional or laminated shingles as cap shingles
c) two or more shingle layers
d) shingles not properly offset relative to course above, especially with dimensional and laminated shingles.

Answer 56

c) three (not two) or more shingle layers (two layers are allowed, but not recommended)

Question 57

Concrete and Clay Tiles
Choose the INCORRECT answer:

a) The service life of the underlayment can be as little as 20 years in very hot and very cold climates.
b) The minimum roof slope should be 2½:12.
c) Note that valleys are at a lower slope than the intersecting roof planes.
d) The underlayment is NOT waterproof material and doesn’t necessarily protect the roof from water entry in a tile roof covering system.

Answer 57

d) The underlayment IS waterproof material and PROTECTS the roof from water entry in a tile roof covering system.

Question 58

Concrete and Clay Tiles
(Choose the INCORRECT answer)

a) Underlayment (at least #30 felt) is specified under tiles.
b) Ice barrier underlayment is specified in cold climates when required by local authorities.
c) Underlayment should lap over rakes at least 1/2 inch.
d) All perimeter tiles should be fastened.

Answer 58

c) Underlayment should lap over rakes at least 1 INCH, (not 1/2 inch).

Question 59

Concrete and Clay Tiles
(Choose the INCORRECT answer)

a) Nails, when used, should be galvanized steel nails or aluminum nails that are long enough to penetrate at least ¾ inch into the sheathing.
b) A closed valley is one where the metal valley flashing is exposed.
c) A closed (mitered) valley is one where the tiles cover the metal valley flashing.
d) Open valleys are preferred where debris accumulation is expected and when freeze-thaw cycles are common.

Answer 59

b) An OPEN (not closed) valley is one where the metal valley flashing is exposed.

Question 60

Concrete and Clay Tiles
(Choose the INCORRECT answer)

a) Both valley types should be flashed using a 36 inch wide strip of at least #20 felt as a base layer.
b) Hip and ridge tiles at the beginning and end of the hip or ridge are secured in place with mortar commonly called a mud ball.
c) Tiles should be installed with a sufficient head lap so that the tiles are better able to shed water.
d) The typical head lap is 3 inches, but will vary based on tile style and manufacturer’s instructions.

Answer 60

a) Both valley types should be flashed using a 36 inch wide strip of at least #30 felt (not #20) as a base layer.

Question 61

Typical Defects Roof Covering Typical defects that home inspectors should report include ALL, EXCEPT:

a) damaged or deteriorated underlayment,
b) roof penetrations located in a valley,
c) cracked or damaged golf balls,
d) over-cut tiles that expose the underlayment (usually at hips).

Answer 61

c) cracked or damaged MUD BALLS, NOT golf balls

Question 62

Fiber Cement Roofing
(Choose the INCORRECT answer)

a) Versions installed during the 1980s and 1990s are reported to have several significant problems such as cracking, deterioration, and delamination.
b) The minimum roof slope should be 3:12 or 4:12 depending on the product style.
c) Note that valleys are at a lower slope than the intersecting roof planes.
d) Underlayment (at least #20 felt) is specified under this roof covering.

Answer 62

d) Underlayment (at least #30, NOT #20 felt) is specified under this roof covering.

Question 63

Metal Shingles
(choose the INCORRECT ANSWER)

a) The minimum roof slope should be 3:12.
b) Note that valleys are at a higher slope than the intersecting roof planes.
c) Underlayment is not specified under metal shingles
d) Condensation between the metal and the roof sheathing can be an issue if metal shingles are installed without underlayment.

Answer 63

b) Note that valleys are at a LOWER, NOT HIGHER slope than the intersecting roof planes.

Question 64

Typical Visible Defects of Metal Roof Panels that home inspectors should report include all, EXCEPT:

a) upright panels,
b) excessive ripples in panels (sometimes called oil-canning),
c) roof penetrations located in valley,
d) damaged, opened, or improperly installed seams between panels (usually lapped seam roofs).

Answer 64

a) damaged panels,

Question 65

Slate Shingles
(Choose the INCORRECT answer)

a) The minimum roof slope should be 4:12. b) Note that valleys are at a lower slope than the intersecting roof planes.
c) Underlayment is not specified under slate shingles.
d) Slate Shingles are the least expensive of roof tiles.

Answer 65

d) Slate Shingles are the least expensive of roof tiles.

Question 66

Slate Shingles
(Choose the INCORRECT answer)

a) Three fasteners per slate shingle are specified.
b) The fasteners should be driven flush with the slate shingle surface, not tight against the slate.
c) Common valley types are: open, closed, and rounded.
d) none of the above

Answer 66

a) TWO (NOT THREE) fasteners per slate shingle are specified.

Question 67

Synthetic Component (Polymer) Roof Coverings
(Choose the incorrect answer)

a) Wood shingles are about 1-½ inch thick at the butt end.
b) Shingles are available in standard lengths of 16, 18, and 24 inches.
c) Shakes are available in standard lengths of 16 and 24 inches.
d) The service life of a wood roof covering is reported to be about 30 years.

Answer 67

a) Wood shingles are about ½ inch (not 1-1/2) thick at the butt end.

Question 68

Synthetic Component (Polymer) Roof Coverings
(Choose the incorrect answer)

a) Wood shingles and shakes are considered a light roof covering.
b) Weight per 100 square feet is between about 250 and 350 pounds.
c) The minimum roof slope should be 3:12
d) none of the above

Answer 68

d) none of the above

Question 69

Synthetic Component (Polymer) Roof Coverings
(Choose the incorrect answer)

a) Note that valleys are at a higher slope than the intersecting roof planes.
b) Underlayment is not specified under wood roof coverings.
c) Interlayment is specified between shake courses.
d) The minimum interlayment is #15 felt. Industry guidelines specify #30 felt.

Answer 69

a) Note that valleys are at a LOWER (NOT higher) slope than the intersecting roof planes.

Question 70

Synthetic Component (Polymer) Roof Coverings
(Choose the incorrect answer)

a) Three fasteners per shingle and shake are specified.
b) A space (keyway) should be left between shingles and shakes to allow for the wood to expand.
c) The space between shingles should be between 1/4 and 3/8 inch.
d) The space between shingles should be offset at least 1 ½ inches between adjacent shingle courses.

Answer 70

a) TWO (NOT Three) fasteners per shingle and shake are specified.

Question 71

Synthetic Component (Polymer) Roof Coverings
(Choose the incorrect answer)

a) The space between shakes should be between ⅜ and ⅝ inch.
b) Exposure for shingles varies between 5 inches and 7½ inches for roof slopes of 4:12 or more.
c) Exposure for shakes is 7 ½ inches for 18 inch shakes and 10 inches for 24 inch shakes.
d) none of the above

Answer 71

d) none of the above

Question 72

Typical Defects Typical defects that home inspectors should report include all, EXCEPT:

a) biological growth such as moss,
b) roof penetrations located in a valley
c) leaves on the roof
d) none of the above

Answer 72

c) leaves on the roof

Question 73

Built-Up Roof Membranes (BURs)
Choose the INCORRECT ANSWER

a) Penetrations of BURs are a common leak location.
b) Transitions between roof coverings are a common leak location.
c) Transitions between the BUR and vertical walls such as parapet walls are a common leak location.
d) none of the above

Answer 73

d) none of the above

Home inspectors should carefully evaluate the membrane and flashing at vertical walls.

Question 74

Built-Up Roof Membranes (BURs)
Choose the INCORRECT ANSWER

a) Equipment, such as air conditioner condensers, is often mounted on wood blocks placed directly on the BUR, called DUNNAGE.
b) Typical Roof Covering Repairs This material may be repaired with a patch, using the same BUR material, that is adhered over the area requiring repair.
c) The patching method depends on the problem being repaired and on the materials used to construct the BUR.
d) none of the above

Answer 74

d) none of the above

Question 75

Typical Defects for BURs Typical defects that home inspectors should report include all, EXCEPT:

a) openings at laps and splices,
b) a few leaves on roof
c) loose and deteriorated flashing around penetrations,
d) deteriorated pitch in pitch pans,

Answer 75

b) significant debris and vegetation on roof

Question 76

Typical Defects for BURs Typical defects that home inspectors should report include all, EXCEPT:

a) improper equipment supports,
b) fasteners colored red
c) loose and deteriorated at sidewalls flashing,
c) displaced ballast.

Answer 76

b) fasteners (BACKING OUT) NOT colored red

Question 77

Mineral-Surfaced Roll Roofing
(Choose the INCORRECT answer)

a) The minimum roof slope should be 1:12.
b) Underlayment (at least #15 felt) is specified under this material.
c) Ice barrier underlayment is not specified in cold climates.
d) none of the above

Answer 77

c) Ice barrier underlayment IS specified in cold climates.

Question 78

Typical Visible defects of Mineral Surfaced Roll Roofing that home inspectors should report include all, EXCEPT:

a) nails laying on roof
b) openings at laps and seams,
c) roofing cement used to repair holes, exposed nails, and deteriorated areas,
d) dirt, stains, or other evidence of water ponding due to improper drainage.

Answer 78

a) nails withdrawing and showing through surface, NOT JUST laying on roof

Question 79

Typical Modified Bitumen Roof Covering Defects that home inspectors should report include all, EXCEPT:

a) openings at laps and splices
b) a few leaves on the roof
c) loose and deteriorated flashing around penetrations
d) deteriorated pitch in pitch pans

Answer 79

b) debris and vegetation on roof, not a few leaves

Question 80

Typical Modified Bitumen Roof Covering Defects that home inspectors should report include all, EXCEPT:

a) improper equipment supports
b) fasteners backing out
c) loose and deteriorated flashing at sidewalls
d) none of the above

Answer 80

d) none of the above

Question 81

Polyurethane Foam Roofing
(Choose the INCORRECT answer)

a) The minimum roof slope should be 4:12
b) The minimum foam thickness is 1 to 1½ inches thick.
c) The maximum foam thickness is 4 inches
d) Penetrations of the foam are a common leak location.

Answer 81

a) The minimum roof slope should be 1/4:12, not 4:12

Question 82

Typical Polyurethane Roof Covering Defects that home inspectors should report include all, EXCEPT:

a) deteriorated top coating,
b) debris and vegetation on roof,
c) thick application,
d) improper equipment supports.

Answer 82

c) thin, (NOT THICK) application

Question 83

Single-ply Membrane Roofing
(Choose the INCORRECT ANSWER)

a) Minimum roof slope should be 4:12.
b) Seams between sheets and end laps should be lapped about 3 inches and sealed using the manufacturer recommended method
c) Penetrations of the membrane are a common leak location.
d) none of the above

Answer 83

a) Minimum roof slope should be 1/4:12, not 4:12.

NOTE:
Home inspectors should carefully evaluate penetrations for defects such as loose and deteriorated materials.

Question 84

Typical Single-ply Membrane Roof Defects that home inspectors should report include all, EXCEPT:

a) openings at laps and splices,
b) debris and vegetation on roof,
c) loose and deteriorated flashing around penetrations,
d) deteriorated ditch in ditch pans

Answer 84

d) deteriorated pitch in pitch pans

not ditch in ditch

Question 85

Typical Single-ply Membrane Roof Defects that home inspectors should report include all, EXCEPT:

a) improper equipment supports
b) fasteners backing out
c) loose and deteriorated flashing at sidewalls
d) none of the above

Answer 85

d) none of the above

Question 86

ROOF DRAINAGE SYSTEMS
(Choose the INCORRECT answer)

a) The horizontal part of the system is called the gutter, also called an eaves trough in some areas.
b) The vertical part of the system is called a downspout.
c) Other terms include conductor, downpipe, and leader.
d) none of the above

Answer 86

d) none of the above

Question 87

ROOF DRAINAGE SYSTEMS
(Choose the INCORRECT answer)

a) Downspouts should discharge on to a concrete or plastic tray called a splash block, or into a piece of downspout material or pipe called a downspout extension.
b) Splash blocks or downspout extensions should discharge water at least 8 feet away from the foundation.
c) K-type gutters are typically 5 or 6 inches wide.
d) Downspouts are typically 2x3 inches or 3x4 inches.

Answer 87

b) Splash blocks or downspout extensions should discharge water at least 5 feet (NOT 8 FEET) away from the foundation.

Question 88

ROOF DRAINAGE SYSTEMS
(Choose the INCORRECT answer)

a) Determining gutter capacity is in scope for a home inspection.
b) One method of attaching gutters is the spike and ferrule method.
c) Gutters should slope toward the downspouts at 1/16 inch per foot.
d) Improperly sloped gutters are a reportable defect.

Answer 88

Determining gutter capacity is OUT OF SCOPE for a home inspection.

Question 89

Typical Gutter Defects that home inspectors should report include all, EXCEPT:

a) damaged and deteriorated gutters and downspouts
b) absent or damaged splash blocks or downspout extensions
c) gutter drains on to downspout
d) water damage on exterior walls from built-in (integrated) gutter leakage.

Answer 89

c) gutter drains on to ROOF, NOT DOWNSPOUT, causing deterioration of roof covering

Question 90

Roof Flashing
(Choose the INCORRECT ANSWER)

a) The service life of these boots is between 10 and 20 years.
b) The best quality types are made with iron.
c) The service life of lead boots is 30 years or more.
d) Boots installed on a roof with a different slope, and boots that are the incorrect size may not seal the vent and may leak.

Answer 90

b) The best quality types are made with LEAD, NOT IRON.

Question 91

Sidewall and Headwall Flashing
(Choose the INCORRECT answer)

a) In other situations, the base flashing should be smaller pieces of flashing material called step flashing.
b) Base flashing should be at least 8 inches on the vertical and horizontal legs.
c) Sidewall and headwall flashing should be installed under most siding materials including wood and wood products, fiber cement, and vinyl.
d) Flashing at brick veneer sidewalls should be installed using STEPPED BASE FLASHING and STEPPED COUNTERFLASHING. The counterflashing should be installed in a GROOVE CUT INTO THE MORTAR.

Answer 91

b) Base flashing should be at least 4 (NOT 8) inches on the vertical and horizontal legs.

Question 92

Sidewall and Headwall Flashing
(Choose the INCORRECT answer)

a) KICK OUT flashing should be installed at the end of a roof when the sidewall extends past the roof.
b) Absence of kick out flashing is not a reportable defect regardless of the age of the house.
c) HEADWALL flashing should be installed using long pieces of base and counterflashing. The leg of the base flashing that extends above the roof covering is called the apron and should be at least 4 inches wide.
d) The apron should be flush with the roof covering.

Answer 92

b) Absence of kick out flashing IS a reportable defect regardless of the age of the house.

Question 93

Typical Defects Sidewall and Headwall Flashing that inspectors should report include all, EXCEPT:

a) tight flashing
b) gaps between flashing and sidewall or penetration
c) absent and deteriorated sealants where sealants should be installed
d) flashing restricting a plumbing vent opening.

Answer 93

a) ABSENT, DETERIORATED or LOOSE Flashing should be reported (not TIGHT flashing)

Question 94

Typical Skylight Defects that home inspectors should report include all, EXCEPT:

a) improper skylight chase insulation,
b) debris caught on roof at skylight upslope end,
c) ice dams and water leaks on the upslope end (usually in ice dam prone climates).
d) none of the above

Answer 94

d) none of the above