ROme

Question 1

Carthage

Answer 1

One of the most powerful cities that had emerged from Phoenician colonization. Located in North Africa, by the end of the 4th century they had land that was equivalent to Latium and Campania combined. Huge enemy of Rome.
Fun Fact: Carthage is the home of the Goddess Juno.

Question 2

Cato the Elder

Answer 2

Marcus Porcius Cato, The Elder
Plebeian senator devoted to keeping ancestral customs. He was a strong advocate for the destruction of Carthage - He ended all of his speeches by promoting war in the 7 years before they declared it.
Fun Fact: Wrote the first history prose in Latin called ‘Origins’

Question 3

Tiberius Gracchus

Answer 3

Tiberius, Son of Tiberius Sempronius Gracchus was tribunate in 133. Came from a wealthy and powerful family but advocated to/for the Plebians/ working class. Famously introduced a law regulating the use of public lans of the Roman people.
Tiberius was murdered by his colleagues who beat him to death with the leg of a stool.

Question 4

Gaius Gracchus

Answer 4

Son of Tiberius Sempronius Gracchus and brother to the late Tiberius Gracchus, was tribune in 123 - 10 years after his brother. He was more radical than his brother.
Renewed and modified Tiberius’ land laws as well as guaranteed every Roman citizen the right to purchase grain once a month at a moderate price.
Gaius lost his 3rd term in 121 - committed suicide soon after.

Question 5

Hannibal Barca

Answer 5

Son of Hamilca Barca
A Carthaginian general and major character in the second punic war. Managed to cross the Alps into Italy and the Apennines into Etruria. His army was so powerful the Romans sufficed to avoiding battle with him at all costs. Famous strategy - delaying

Question 6

First Punic War

Answer 6

264-241
Fought between Carthage and Rome. Punic comes from the latin adjective, punicus, meaning Phoenician. This first war, of three, broke out as a result of a three way power struggle between Rome, Carthage, and Syracuse over Messana. Though there were huge loses on both sides, Rome still persevered and won - gaining all of Sicily in their victory

Question 7

Second Punic War

Answer 7

218-201
Broke out over Spain. Hamilca Barca had extended Carthaginian power into Spain after the first punic war. Ended with … another Roman victory but with great feats for Carthage. In this time, Rome appointed a dictator, Quintus Fabius Maximus, nicknamed the delayer (Cunctator) for his strategic avoidance of Hannibal in battle in order to drain his armies resources.

Question 8

Senatus Consultum Ultimum

Answer 8

Final Decree of the Senate
Senators instructed the consul to ‘take care that the state suffered no harm’. To do whatever necessary to preserve the political and social order of the state without regard for the normal protections and rights due citizens.

Question 9

Optimates

Answer 9

Political faction in the late 2nd century bce. ‘The best people’ upheld traditional methods of competition among senators. They made alliances and coalitions with other senators to back their plans.

Question 10

Populares

Answer 10

Political faction in the 2nd century bce. ‘Peoples men’ sought wider popularity among the citizen body as a means of political advancement. People feared that those who championed for the people were attempting to garner their support in order to become tyrants - like Athens.

Question 11

Scipio Africanus

Answer 11

Publius Cornelius Scipio Africanus
Known for defeating Hannibal in the second punic war. He introduced tactical reforms, learned from Hannibal, to reshape Roman military. He was granted the name Africanus - meaning conquerer of Africa - for his victories against Carthage

Question 12

Polybius

Answer 12

A Greek historian born around 200. He had a leading role in the Achaean League but was deported to Rome as a hostage after the third Macedonian war. Author of Polybius’ Histories, which explains his views of Romes rise to world domination. Only 5 of his 40 books survived completely.

Question 13

Jugartha

Answer 13

(112-105)
Numidian adopted by King Micipsa, he was the successor to Masinissa; after the kings death he ruled alongside his 2 younger brothers. He murdered Heimpsal and drove out Adherbal.
Ultimately led to the the Jugurthine war.

Question 14

Marius

Answer 14

Gaius Marius
Consul 7 times. Consul during the Jugerthine war. Broke the norm and recruited soldiers from outside the normal classes. He chased Jugartha to Africa