Roman Republic

Question 1

Answer 1

Temple of Portunus

Rome

150 BCE

Close to cattle martket, Tiber River (commercial implications)

Made from stone - didn’t have marble

Columns = limestone covered in plaster

Columns built into wall for decorative purpose (half, or engaged)

Hybrid: Greek/Etruscan temple

Question 2

Answer 2

Porticus Aemilia

Rome

193-174 BCE

Warehouse - system for food delivery

New building style - series of barrel vault or arch

Used scaffolding, poured concrete

Revolutionizes how things are built

150 feet length

Question 3

Answer 3

Sanctuary of Fortuna Primigenia

Palestrina

80 BCE

Goddess of luck, predicted people’s future, popular with sailors/travelling merchants

Higher up = holier - communicate with gods

Tourist attraction - terraces where people can buy goods

Question 4

Answer 4

Altar of Domitius Ahenobarbus

Reliefs of Wedding procession of Neptune and Amphitrite, and Census and sacrifice to Mars

100 BCE

Hellenistic style - shows action

Sides 1-3: honors sea gods, Neptune, triton, sea horse w/ cupid

Side 4: very different, shows history not mythology

Census, sacrifice to Mars (war god)

Question 5

Answer 5

Versistic portraits of Roman men

1st c BCE

Veris = truth

shows real people (w/ wrinkles, no hair, etc)

origin of portraiture: honors life of accomplishments, realistic, always old men, praised endurance, dignity, wisdom

Question 6

Answer 6

Aulus Metellus

90 BCE

Bronze statue

High Roman official, speaks Etruscan

Found near Perusia (Etruscan City)

Shows him giving speech - called Orator

Not as sophisticated as Greek statues

Question 7

Answer 7

Victorius General from Tivoli

75-50 BCE

Roman general - clothed, nudity not heroic

Head = individual, has Roman qualities

Body = hero, exceptional

characteristic of the end of republic

Question 8

Arch, Barrel Vault & Concrete

Answer 8

Concrete = Roman invention 3rd c BCE

Lime, water, sand, rubble/aggragate

Build mold, line it, pour concrete

Walls no longer have to be straight

Use scaffolding to build barrel vaults or arches

Revolutionizes how things are built

Question 9

Italic, Plebeian or Popular Tradition

Answer 9

Plebian style refers to lower class, used to describe simple, clear message in art

Class distinctions aren’t accurate (commissioned by high officials)

Terms refer to a style where meanings are inherent = portraiture

Question 10

Verism

Question 11

Answer 11

City stated out with square, not well planned

Then made grid streets

Ruts worn into cobblestones show most streets were one-way

Building around forum don’t line up

Forum built ad hoc = one building at a time

Each building is a gift - wealthy expected to contribute to infrastructure

Question 12

Answer 12

Basilica

Pompeii

150 BCE

Trials, political assembly, auctions, open business space

Platform for speaker

Columns inside organize space and support roof, made of brick, stuccoed to look fluted

Columns also built into wall (1/2)

Question 13

Answer 13

Amphitheater

Pompeii

80 BCE

Far from center or square, holds more people than city

Used city walls to help support it

Two city magistrates built for Spectacula (spectacles)

First permanent place for gladitorial combat/animal fights

Question 14

Answer 14

Brawl in Pompeii Amphitheater

Fresco painting

79-60 BCE

Sports rivalry + drinking = riots, many injured/killed

Rome punished Pompeii by closing games 10 years

Question 15

Answer 15

Stabian Baths

80-70 BCE

First bath to have running, heated water

Hot, warm, cold rooms + swimming pool, hot room

Women had hairdressers, massages, private baths

Question 16

Nave and aisles

Answer 16

Central aisle in Church or Basilica, rectangular

Aisles run parallel on each side of nave

Question 17

Clerestory

Answer 17

Series of windows in the upper nave, choir and transepts of a large church

Question 18

Hypocausts

Answer 18

a hollow space under the floor of an ancient Roman building, into which hot air was sent for heating a room or bath

Question 19

Answer 19

Roman Atrium House

Public display

Question 20

Answer 20

House of Sallust

100 BCE

First or Masonry style

Covered concrete, carved into it and painted to look like fancy cut stone/marble

Question 21

Answer 21

House of the Griffins

Rome

80-40 BCE

Second style (illusionistic)

Walls divided into 3 sections

Painted 3D columns, cast shadows - project from wall

Question 22

Answer 22

Villa at Oplontis

40 BCE

Second style

Make flat wall 3D with columns, door with stairs

Shows courtyard scene to make space grand

Floors sometimes illusionistic “unswept floor” mosaic

Question 23

Answer 23

Odyssey Landscapes

Rome

50-40 BCE

Second style - unusual

Focus is landscape and scenes from the Odyssey

Shows atmospheric perspective

Question 24

Answer 24

Villa of Mysteries

40 BCE

Second style - unusual

Read painted room clockwise

Almost life-like figures, real and mythological

Followers of Dionysus - shown reclining into woman’s lap, could be mother or woman he saved

God of rebirth - maybe shown predicting future

Question 25

Atrium and tablinum

Answer 25

Question 26

Peristyle

Answer 26

In Hellenistic Greek and Roman architecture a peristyle is a continuous porch formed by a row of columns surrounding the perimeter of building or a courtyard

Question 27

Lararium

Answer 27

A shrine to the guardian spirits of the Roman household

Family members performed daily rituals at this shrine to guarantee the protection of these domestic spirits

Question 28

Lares and Genius

Answer 28

Lares were the spirits of the families ancestors

Represented by little figurines which would be kept in a special cupboard

The third household spirit of note was the genius, who was usually represented in form of a snake