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bio 120.3 > Roman Numerals II - VII > Flashcards

Roman Numerals II - VII Flashcards

1
Q

What are the characteristics of living organisms?

A
  1. Made of more than one cell
  2. Building instructions are stored in the DNA
  3. Maintain an optimal, steady state despite changes in the environment (homeostasis)
  4. Require energy
  5. Reproduce on their own
  6. Evolve
  7. Die
  8. Exhibit growth and development into highly organized forms
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2
Q

What does DNA stand for?

A

Deoxyribonucleic acid

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3
Q

Why are viruses not considered alive?

A

They cannot replicate on their own, as they rely on other organisms to reproduce.

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4
Q

All earth life is based on this module…

A

DNA, which gets transcribed into RNA, which is then translated into proteins.

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5
Q

Why does DNA have great potential for long term, high density data storage?

A

This is due to it being incredibly stable.

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6
Q

What are emergent properties?

A

Properties that arise through interactions among smaller parts that alone do not exhibit properties.

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7
Q

What are the molecules of life?

A

Water, macromolecules, and polymers.

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8
Q

True or False: water is the solvent of life?

A

True, it dissolves more molecules than any other solvent.

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9
Q

What is unique about the natural state of water molecules?

A

It is the only molecules on the planet that exists naturally in all three states: solid, liquid, gas.

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10
Q

How does water’s polarity affect its ability to dissolve materials?

A

Because water is a polar molecule, it easily dissolves other polar molecules and charged particles.

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11
Q

What are the four main macromolecules?

A
  1. Carbohydrates, made up of starch and polymers of sugars
  2. Lipids, like triglyceride and are not polymers
  3. Proteins, enzymes and polymers of amino acids
  4. Nucleic acids, like DNA and polymers of nucleotides
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12
Q

What are the three main points of cell theory?

A
  1. All organisms are composed of one or more cells
  2. The cell is the basic structure and functional unit of all living organisms
  3. Cells arise only from the division of pre-existing cells
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13
Q

What are polymers?

A

Chains composed of molecules called monomers.

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14
Q

What is Dehydration Synthesis?

A

The process where monomers string together into polymers

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15
Q

What is the opposite of Dehydration Synthesis?

A

Hydrolysis, where polymers are broken down into monomers.

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16
Q

True or False: the small differences in chains lead to drastic changes in the resulting higher-order structures.

A

True, even adding structures to the sides can also create a huge difference in the properties.

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17
Q

What are some examples of higher-order structures?

A
  1. DNA double helix
  2. Protein folding
  3. Starch branching
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18
Q

High-order polymer structure example - proteins

Q: what is the first structure?

A

The amino acid chain
- R=sidechain
- Sidechain properties define the chemistry of proteins
- Polypeptides (primary structure)
- Amino acids are linked together by covalent bonds

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19
Q

High-order polymer structure example - proteins

Q: what is the second structure?

A

α-helix/β-sheet
-Secondary protein structure
-Hydrogen bonds between nearby amino acids cause the polypeptide to twist (α-helix) or form sheets (β-sheet)

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20
Q

High-order polymer structure example - proteins

Q: what is the third structure?

A

Folding
- Mainly carried out by enzymes
- Tertiary protein structures
- Chemistry between sidechains causes high-order folding

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21
Q

High-order polymer structure example - proteins

Q: what is the fourth structure?

A

Assembling into a protein complex
- Not all proteins complete this step
- Quaternary protein structure
- Individual proteins interact to form complexes
- Determined by their structure and chemistry

22
Q

High-order polymer structure example - carbohydrates

Q: what are examples of different forms of glucose polymers?

A
  1. Amylose
  2. Cellulose
  3. Glycogen
  4. Chitin
23
Q

What kind of microscope would you use to see human eggs, plant cells, typical animal cell chloroplasts, etc?

A

Light microscope.

24
Q

What kind of microscope would you use to see large viruses, ribosomes, cell membranes, etc?

A

Electron microscope.

25
Q

What are the trade-offs between cell surface area and cell volume?

A

Surface areas must be sufficient to allow exchange between the cell and its surroundings, but volume has limitations as to what is sufficient to support the required metabolic and functional activities.

As cell volume increases, so does the demand for structural support. Surface area just cannot keep up with volume. But is a cell requires a large surface area, it may develop a convoluted/branchy surface morphologies.

26
Q

Resolution vs. Magnification vs. Contrast

A

Resolution: the ability of the microscope to distinguish two objects as being separate
Magnification: higher magnification increases resolution
Contrast: higher contrast gives more detail, but cannot increase resolution

27
Q

What are the different microscopy types?

A
  1. Light microscopy
  2. Electron microscopy
28
Q

What are the different types of light microscopy?

A
  1. Reflected light
  2. Transmitted light
  3. Fluorescence
29
Q

Light microscopy
Q: what are the aspects of reflected light?

A
  • Stereo microscope (dissecting microscope)
  • Lighting from the top
  • Can see bigger cells
30
Q

Light microscopy
Q: what are the aspects of transmitted light?

A
  • Stereoscopes
  • Compound microscopes
31
Q

What are the four types of compound microscopes?

A
  1. Brightfield
  2. Darkfield
  3. Phase-contrast
  4. Differential Interference Contrast (DIC, aka Nomarski)
32
Q

What differentiates Darkfield, Phase-Contrast, and Differential Interference Contrast microscopes from Brightfield?

A

They are all contrast-enhancing methods, they exploit the light-scattering (refractive) properties of specimens. Variations in specimen thickness and density influence how light passes through it.

33
Q

What is Darkfield?

A
  • You can only see something when the specimen comes into view, otherwise you can only see darkness.
  • It illuminates the sample at an angle so light does not hit the objective lens directly.
  • Only light that is scattered upwards by the sample reaches the objective lens.
34
Q

What is Phase-Contrast?

A

This method creates slight phase shifts in the illuminating light, which manifests as higher detailed images.

35
Q

What is Differential Interference Contrast?

A
  • Like phase-contrast (this method creates slight phase shifts in the illuminating light, which manifests as higher detailed images)
  • Gives a pseudo-3D appearance
36
Q

What is TEM (Transmission Electron microscopy)?

A
  • Very thin sections are made using a microtome
  • Images appear as black objects on a white background
  • Light regions are where electrons passed through the sample and hit the detector; whereas dark regions represent areas where electrons did not pass through to his the detector
37
Q

What is Scanning in the context of Electron Microscopy?

A
  • The 3D contours of the surface are visualized by scanning an electron beam across the specimen
  • No sectioning is needed, just coat the sample with a heavy metal (usually gold)
38
Q

What is Electron Microscopy?

A

Higher resolution than light microscopy since electrons have a very short wavelength compared to visible light. However, it requires specimens to be fixed (i.e. dead) and specimens must be stained with heavy metals, which electrons cannot pass through, which is why dyes cannot be used.

39
Q

In life… Prokaryotes vs. Eukaryotes

A

Prokaryotes : bacteria and archea
Eukaryotes: animals, plants, fungi, and protists

40
Q

What is The Genetic Information Paradigm?

A
  • DNA -> RNA -> Proteins
  • DNA to RNA is called transcription, and RNA to Proteins is translation. The enzyme that carries out this process is polymerase/ribosomes.
41
Q

What is the Plasma Membrane?

A
  • Phospholipid bilayer structure with thousands of proteins
  • Amphipathic
  • It has selective permeability, which molecules pass through by either passive or active diffusion
42
Q

Define amphipathic

A

A molecule, especially a protein having both hydrophilic and hydrophobic parts

43
Q

Describe Fluorescence microscopy

A
  • Visible light and electromagnetic spectrum
  • Electron absorbs a photon and gets excited to a higher energy state
  • Excited electron returns to its ground state, releasing a photon of longer wavelength
  • Colour specific illumination allows visualization of specific structures
44
Q

Describe Confocal Fluorescence microscopes

A
  • Increases contrast by capturing very thin slices of a specimen
  • Does this by passing the emitted light through a tine pinhole, which removes out of focus light
45
Q

What is Cytoplasm?

A
  • Where the translation of mRNA into proteins takes place
  • Consists of cytosol + organelles
  • A crowded and complex biochemical pool
46
Q

What is cytosol?

A

Cytosol is the aqueous liquid of the cytoplasm which consists of mostly water. It is full of macromolecules and smaller molecules, metabolic activities, and signal trandsuction.

47
Q

What are ribosomes

A
  • A highly organized machine consisting of proteins and rRNA
  • It is more like an enzyme than an organelle
  • Reads the sequence of mRNAs to coordinate their translation into proteins
48
Q

Prokaryotic vs Eukaryotic ribosomes

A

Prokaryotic ribosomes are a bit smaller, but the function is the same

49
Q

Describe cytoskeleton

A
  • Filamentous polymers that participate in many processes such as: cell division, cell shape, intracellular transport
  • Prokaryotes have simpler, ancient versions of eukaryotic cytoskeleton
50
Q

Prokaryotes vs. Eukaryotes

A
  • Unicellular(Prokaryotes) vs Uni/multi-cellular(Eukaryotes)
  • Small (Prokaryotes) vs Small to very large(Eukaryotes)
  • No membrane bound organelles (Prokaryotes) vs Membrane bound organelles (Eukaryotes)
  • Nucleotide (Prokaryotes) vs Nucleus (Eukaryotes)
  • Single circular chromosomes + plasmids (Prokaryotes) vs Linear DNA in chromosomes (Eukaryotes)
51
Q

What is Differential Centrifugation?

A
  • Low speeds for big and dense materials
  • Higher speeds for smaller and less dense materials
  • Spin -> pour out supernatant -> spin supernatant faster
  • Collect pellet at each step

bio 120.3 (3 decks)

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