Roman Life Flashcards
How many different types of government did Rome have throughout its history?
Three
Name Rome’s three different governments in order.
Monarchy, Republic, and Empire
Give the years for the Roman Monarchy.
753 BC - 509 BC
Give the years for the Roman Republic.
509 BC - 27 BC
Give the years for the Roman Empire.
27 BC - 476 AD
Who is the 1st king of Rome?
Romulus
How did Romulus become king?
He proclaimed himself king after murdering his brother.
Give the alleged years of king Romulus’ reign.
753 BC - 717 BC
Who is the 2nd king of Rome?
Numa Pompilius
How did Numa Pompilius become king?
He was elected king by the Curiate Assembly, after the death of Romulus.
Give the alleged years of king Numa Pompilius’ reign.
717 BC - 673 BC
Who is the 3rd king of Rome?
Tullus Hostilius
How did Tullus Hostilius become king?
He was elected king by the Curiate Assembly, after the death of Numa Pompilius.
Give the alleged years of king Tullus Hostilius’ reign.
673 BC - 642 BC
Who is the 4th king of Rome?
Ancus Marcius
How did Ancus Marcius become king?
He was the grandson of Numa Pompilius; elected by the Curiate Assembly after the death of Tullus Hostilius.
Give the alleged years of king Ancus Marcius’ reign.
640 BC - 616 BC
Who is the 5th king of Rome?
Tarquinius Priscus
How did Tarquinius Priscus become king?
He was elected king by the Curiate Assembly, after the death of Ancus Marcius.
Give the alleged years of king Tarquinius Priscus’ reign.
616 BC - 579 BC
Who is the 6th king of Rome?
Servius Tullius
How did Servius Tullius become king?
He was the son-in-law of Lucius Tarquinius Priscus; seized the kingship after his assassination.
Give the alleged years of king Servius Tullius’ reign.
578 BC - 535 BC
Who is the 7th king of Rome?
Tarquinius Superbus
How did Tarquinius Superbus become king?
He was the son of Lucius Tarquinius Priscus; seized the kingship after the assassination of Servius Tullius.
Give the alleged years of king Tarquinius Superbus’ reign.
535 BC - 509 BC
Name the Roman Kings in order.
Romulus, Numa Pompilius, Tullus Hostilius, Ancus Marcius, Tarquinius Priscus, Servius Tullius, and Tarquinius Superbus
How many Punic Wars were there?
Three
Give the years for the First Punic War.
264 BC - 241 BC
Give the years for the Second Punic War.
218 BC - 201 BC
Give the years for the Third Punic War.
149 BC - 146 BC
Name the members of the 1st Triumvirate
Crassus, Pompey, and Julius Caesar
Name the members of the 2nd Triumvirate
Marc Antony, Lepidus, and Octavian
Who was the first western emperor of Rome?
Augustus
What dynasty did Augustus found?
Julio-Claudian Dynasty
Give the emperor Augustus’ full name.
Imperator Caesar Divi Filius Augustus
On what day was the emperor Augustus born?
September 23, 63 BC
Where was the emperor Augustus born?
Rome, Italia
How did Augustus become emperor?
He became de facto emperor as a result of the ‘first settlement’ between himself and the Roman Senate.
Give the dates of Augustus’ reign.
January 16, 27 BC - August 19, 14 AD
On what day did the emperor Augustus die?
August 19, 14 AD
How did the emperor Augustus die?
Natural causes
How long was Augustus an emperor?
40 Years, 7 Months and 3 days
Who succeeded the emperor Augustus?
Tiberius
Give the emperor Tiberius’ full name.
Tiberius Iulius Caesar Augustus
On what day was the emperor Tiberius born?
November 16, 42 BC
Where was the emperor Tiberius born?
Rome, Italia
How did Tiberius become emperor?
He was the son of Augustus’s wife Livia by a previous marriage; adopted son of Augustus.
Give the dates of Tiberius’ reign.
September 18, 14 BC - March 16, 37 AD
On what day did the emperor Tiberius die?
March 16, 37 AD
How did the emperor Tiberius die?
Probably natural causes, possibly assassinated by Caligula
How long was Tiberius an emperor?
22 Years, 6 Months and 2 days
Who succeeded the emperor Tiberius?
Caligula
Give the emperor Caligula’s full name.
Gaius Iulius Caesar Augustus Germanicus
On what day was the emperor Caligula born?
August 31, 12 AD
Where was the emperor Caligula born?
Antium, Italia
How did Caligula become emperor?
He was Tiberius’s great-nephew and adopted grandson; great-grandson of Augustus.
Give the dates of Caligula’s reign.
March 18, 37 AD – January 24, 41 AD
On what day did the emperor Caligula die?
January 24, 41 AD
How did the emperor Caligula die?
Assassinated in a conspiracy involving senators and Praetorian Guards.
How long was Caligula an emperor?
3 Years, 10 Months and 6 days
Who succeeded the emperor Caligula?
Claudius
Give the emperor Claudius’ full name.
Tiberius Claudius Caesar Augustus Germanicus
On what day was the emperor Claudius born?
August 1, 10 BC
Where was the emperor Claudius born?
Lugdunum, Gallia Lugdunensis
How did Claudius become emperor?
He was the nephew of Tiberius, brother of Germanicus and uncle of Caligula; proclaimed emperor by the Praetorian Guard.
Give the dates of Claudius’ reign.
January 25/26, 41 AD – October 13, 54 AD
On what day did the emperor Claudius die?
October 13, 54 AD
How did the emperor Claudius die?
Probably poisoned by his wife Agrippina the Younger, in favour of her son Nero, possibly natural causes.
How long was Claudius an emperor?
13 Years, 9 Months
Who succeeded the emperor Claudius?
Nero
Give the emperor Nero’s full name.
Nero Claudius Caesar Augustus Germanicus
On what day was the emperor Nero born?
December 15, 37 AD
Where was the emperor Nero born?
Antium, Italia
How did Nero become emperor?
He was the grandson of Germanicus, nephew of Caligula, grandnephew, step- and adopted son of Claudius; great-great-grandson of Augustus.
Give the dates of Nero’s reign.
October 13, 54 AD – June 9, 68 AD
On what day did the emperor Nero die?
June 9, 68 AD
How did the emperor Nero die?
Committed suicide after being declared a public enemy by the Senate.
How long was Nero an emperor?
13 Years, 8 Months
Who succeeded the emperor Nero?
Galba
What dynasty did Galba found?
Year of Four Emperors or the Civil War Emperors
Give the emperor Galba’s full name.
Servius Sulpicius Galba Caesar Augustus
On what day was the emperor Galba born?
December 24 3 BC
Where was the emperor Galba born?
Near Terracina, Italia
How did Galba become emperor?
He seized power after Nero’s suicide, with support of the Spanish legions
Give the dates of Galba’s reign.
June 8, 68 AD – January 15, 69 AD
On what day did the emperor Galba die?
January 15, 69 AD
How did the emperor Galba die?
Murdered by Praetorian Guard in coup led by Otho.
How long was Galba an emperor?
7 Months
Who succeeded the emperor Galba?
Otho
Give the emperor Otho’s full name.
Marcus Salvius Otho Caesar Augustus
On what day was the emperor Otho born?
April 28, 32 AD
Where was the emperor Otho born?
Ferentinum, Etruria, Italia
How did Otho become emperor?
He was appointed by Praetorian Guard
Give the dates of Otho’s reign.
January 15, 69 AD – April 16, 69 AD
On what day did the emperor Otho die?
April 16, 69 AD
How did the emperor Otho die?
Committed suicide after losing Battle of Bedriacum to Vitellius
How long was Otho an emperor?
3 months 1 day (91 days)
Who succeeded the emperor Otho?
Vitellius
Give the emperor Vitellius’ full name.
Aulus Vitellius Germanicus Augustus
On what day was the emperor Vitellius born?
September 24, 15 AD
Where was the emperor Vitellius born?
Rome, Italia
How did Vitellius become emperor?
He seized power with support of German Legions (in opposition to Galba/Otho)
Give the dates of Vitellius’ reign.
April 17, 69 AD – December 20, 69 AD
On what day did the emperor Vitellius die?
December 20, 69 AD
How did the emperor Vitellius die?
Murdered by Vespasian’s troops
How long was Vitellius an emperor?
8 Months
Who succeeded the emperor Vitellius?
Vespasian
What dynasty did Vespasian found?
Flavian Dynasty
Give the emperor Vespasian’s full name.
Titus Flavius Caesar Vespasianus Augustus
On what day was the emperor Vespasian born?
November 17, 9 AD
Where was the emperor Vespasian born?
Falacrine, Italia
How did Vespasian become emperor?
He seized power with the support of the eastern Legions (in opposition to Vitellius)
Give the dates of Vespasian’s reign.
July 1, 69 AD – June 24, 79 AD
On what day did the emperor Vespasian die?
June 24, 79 AD
How did the emperor Vespasian die?
Natural causes
How long was Vespasian an emperor?
10 years
Who succeeded the emperor Vespasian?
Titus
Give the emperor Titus’ full name.
Titus Flavius Caesar Vespasianus Augustus
On what day was the emperor Titus born?
December 30, 39 AD
Where was the emperor Titus born?
Rome, Italia
How did Titus become emperor?
He was the son of Vespasian
Give the dates of Titus’ reign.
June 24, 79 AD – September 13, 81 AD
On what day did the emperor Titus die?
September 13, 81 AD
How did the emperor Titus die?
Natural causes (Plague)
How long was Titus an emperor?
2 years, 3 months
Who succeeded the emperor Titus?
Domitian
Give the emperor Domitian’s full name.
Titus Flavius Caesar Domitianus Augustus
On what day was the emperor Domitian born?
October 24, 51 AD
Where was the emperor Domitian born?
Rome, Italia
How did Domitian become emperor?
He was the son of Vespasian
Give the dates of Domitian’s reign.
September 14, 81 AD – September 18, 96 AD
On what day did the emperor Domitian die?
September 18, 96 AD
How did the emperor Domitian die?
Assassinated by court officials
How long was Domitian an emperor?
15 years
Who succeeded the emperor Domitian?
Nerva
What dynasty did Nerva found?
Nerva-Antonine Dynasty
Give the emperor Nerva’s full name.
Marcus Cocceius Nerva Caesar Augustus
On what day was the emperor Nerva born?
November 8, 30 AD
Where was the emperor Nerva born?
Narni (Narnia), Italia
How did Nerva become emperor?
He was appointed by the Senate
Give the dates of Nerva’s reign.
September 18, 96 AD – January 27, 98 AD
On what day did the emperor Nerva die?
January 27, 98 AD
How did the emperor Nerva die?
Natural causes
How long was Nerva an emperor?
1 year, 4 months
Who succeeded the emperor Nerva?
Trajan
Give the emperor Trajan’s full name.
Caesar Marcus Ulpius Nerva Traianus
On what day was the emperor Trajan born?
September 18, 53 AD
Where was the emperor Trajan born?
Italica, Hispania Baetica
How did Trajan become emperor?
He was the adopted son and heir of Nerva
Give the dates of Trajan’s reign.
January 28, 98 AD – August 7, 117 AD
On what day did the emperor Trajan die?
August 7, 117 AD
How did the emperor Trajan die?
Natural causes
How long was Trajan an emperor?
19 years, 7 months
Who succeeded the emperor Trajan?
Hadrian
Give the emperor Hadrian’s full name.
Caesar Publius Aelius Traianus Hadrianus Augustus
On what day was the emperor Hadrian born?
January 24, 76 AD
Where was the emperor Hadrian born?
Italica, Hispania Baetica (or possibly Rome, Italia)
How did Hadrian become emperor?
He was the adopted son and heir of Trajan
Give the dates of Hadrian’s reign.
August 11, 117 AD – July 10, 138 AD
On what day did the emperor Hadrian die?
July 10, 138 AD
How did the emperor Hadrian die?
Natural causes
How long was Hadrian an emperor?
21 years
Who succeeded the emperor Hadrian?
Antoninus Pius
Give the emperor Antoninus Pius’ full name.
Caesar Titus Aelius Hadrianus Antoninus Augustus Pius
On what day was the emperor Antoninus Pius born?
September 19, 86 AD
Where was the emperor Antoninus Pius born?
Near Lanuvium, Italia
How did Antoninus Pius become emperor?
He was the adopted son and heir of Hadrian
Give the dates of Antoninus Pius’ reign.
July 10, 138 AD – March 7, 161 AD
On what day did the emperor Antoninus Pius die?
March 7, 161 AD
How did the emperor Antoninus Pius die?
Natural causes
How long was Antoninus Pius an emperor?
22 years, 7 months
Who succeeded the emperor Antoninus Pius?
Lucius Verus and Marcus Aurelius
Give the emperor Lucius Verus’ full name.
Caesar Lucius Aurelius Verus Augustus
On what day was the emperor Lucius Verus born?
December 15, 130 AD
Where was the emperor Lucius Verus born?
Rome, Italia
How did Lucius Verus become emperor?
He was an adopted son and heir of Antoninus Pius
Who was a co-emperor with Lucius Verus?
Marcus Aurelius
Give the dates of Lucius Verus’ reign.
March 7, 161 AD – ? March 169 AD
On what day did the emperor Lucius Verus die?
March 169 AD
How did the emperor Lucius Verus die?
Natural causes (Plague)
How long was Lucius Verus an emperor?
8 years
Give the emperor Marcus Aurelius’ full name.
Caesar Marcus Aurelius Antoninus Augustus
On what day was the emperor Marcus Aurelius born?
April 26, 121 AD
Where was the emperor Marcus Aurelius born?
Rome, Italia
How did Marcus Aurelius become emperor?
He was an adopted son and heir of Antoninus Pius
Who was a co-emperor with Marcus Aurelius?
Lucius Verus
Give the dates of Marcus Aurelius’ reign.
March 7, 161 AD – March 17, 180 AD
On what day did the emperor Marcus Aurelius die?
March 17, 180 AD
How did the emperor Marcus Aurelius die?
Natural causes
How long was Marcus Aurelius an emperor?
19 years
What was the first dynasty of the Roman Empire?
Julio-Claudian Dynasty
Name the emperors of the Julio-Claudian Dynasty in order.
Augustus, TIberius, Caligula, Claudius, and Nero
Give the years of the Julio-Claudian Dynasty.
27 BC - 68 AD
Which dynasty came after the Julio-Claudian Dynasty?
Year of Four Emperors or Civil War Emperors
Name the Civil War Emperors in order.
Galba, Otho, Vitellius, and Vespasian
What year is known as the Year of Four Emperors?
69 AD
Which dynasty came after the Year of Four Emperors?
Flavian Dynasty
Name the emperors of the Flavian Dynasty in order.
Vespasian, Titus, and Domitian
Give the years of the Flavian Dynasty.
69 AD - 96 AD
Which dynasty came after the Flavian Dynasty?
Nerva-Antonine Dynasty
What were the first five, excluding Lucius Verus, emperors of the Nerva-Antonine Dynasty collectively known as?
Five Good Emperors
Name the Five Good Emperors in order.
Nerva, Trajan, Hadrian, Antoninus Pius, and Marcus Aurelius
Give the years of the Five Good Emperors.
96 AD - 180 AD
Name the emperors of the Nerva-Antonine Dynasty in order.
Nerva, Trajan, Hadrian, Antoninus Pius, Lucius Verus, Marcus Aurelius, and Commodus
Which dynasty came after the Nerva-Antonine Dynasty?
Year of Five Emperors
Name the legitimate emperors of the Year of Five Emperors in order.
Pertinax, Diddius Julianus, and Septimius Severus
Name the legitimate and illegitimate emperors of the Year of Five Emperors in order.
Pertinax, Diddius Julianus, Pescennius Niger, Clodius Albinus, and Septimius Severus
What year is known as the Year of Five Emperors?
193 AD
Which dynasty came after the Year of Five Emperors?
Severan Dynasty
Name the emperors of the Severan Dynasty in order.
Septimius Severus, Caracalla, Geta, Macrinas, Elagabalus, and Severus Alexander
Give the years of the Severan Dynasty.
193 AD - 235 AD
What was the name for the main entrance hallway in a Roman house?
Vestibulum (also considered Atrium if there is no hallway leading into the Atrium).
What was the name for the generic word for a hallway in a Roman house?
Fauces
What was the name for the most important room in a Roman house?
Atrium
What was the name for the room where clients were greeted in a Roman house?
Atrium
What was the name for the shallow rectangular sunken portion of the Atrium used to gather rainwater in a Roman house?
Impluvium
What was the name for the office of the master of the family in a Roman house?
Tablinum
What was the name for the dining room in a Roman house?
Triclinium
How many couches were in the triclinium?
Three
What was the name for the open rooms on each side of the atrium in a Roman house?
Alae
What was the name for the bedroom in a Roman house?
Cubiculum
What was the name for the servant’s entrance or back door in a Roman house?
Posticum
What was the name for the front door in a Roman house?
Ostium
What was the name for the shops in a Roman house?
Tabernae
What was the name for the roof over atrium which was purposely slanted to drain rain water into a pool in a Roman house?
Compluvium
What was the name for the columnated garden in a Roman house?
Peristyle (Peristylium)
What was the name for the fish pond in a Roman house?
Piscina
What was the name for the suitable place for a philosophical conversation in a Roman house?
Exedra
Give the two names for the Roman Baths.
Thermae and Balneae
What was the changing room of a Roman Bath?
Apodyterium
What was the cold bath of a Roman Bath called?
Frigidarium
What was the warm bath of a Roma Bath called?
Tepidarium
What was the hot bath of a Roman Bath called?
Caldarium
Give the typical order that a Roman would take a bath in?
First the Frigidarium, then the Tepidarium, and finally the Caldarium
What was the furnace of the Roman Baths called?
Hypocaust
What was the sweating room of the Roman Baths called?
Laconicum
What was the scrapinging room where Roman would get oil scraped off called?
Unctorium
What was the scraping tool used to scrape off oil in the Roman Baths called?
Strigil (Strigiles plural)
What was the exercise are in the Roman Baths called?
palaestra
In chariot races, what were metae?
turning posts
In chariot races, what was the spina?
backbone around which they raced
In chariot races, what was the usual number of laps?
seven
How many people could be held in the Circus Maximus?
250,000
What were ludi circenses?
chariot races
In chariot races, what were factiones?
racing companies
In chariot races, what were the colors of the factiones?
red (russata), white (albata), blue (veneta), green (prasina)
In chariot races, which were the original factiones?
red and white
In chariot races, which were the longest lasting factiones?
blue and green
Where is the Circus Maximus located?
between the Palatine and Aventine hills
In chariot races, what was the term for the white cloth dropped to start the race?
mappa
In chariot races, what was a biga?
two-horse chariot
In chariot races, what was a quadriga?
four-horse chariot
In chariot races, what was an auriga?
charioteer
In chariot races, what was a curriculum?
successfully completed lap
In chariot races, what were carceres?
starting gates
In the arena, what characteristics made up the Myrmillo?
fought with a helmet, oblong shield, sword, fish crest of helmet
In the arena, who would Myrmillones usually fight?
either Retiarii or Thracians
In the arena, what characteristics made up the Retiarius?
lightly clad, armed with a net and trident
In the arena, who would Retiarii usually fight?
either Myrmillones or Secutores
In the arena, what characteristics made up the Samnite?
oblong shield, visored helmet, sword
In the arena, what characteristics made up the Thracian?
small round shield, curved scimitar
In the arena, what characteristics made up the Bestiarius?
hunters - fought wild beasts
In the arena, what characteristics made up the Essedarius?
rode chariots with two horses
In the arena, what characteristics made up the Andabata?
heavily armed, but can’t see out of visored helmet
In the arena, what characteristics made up the Laquearius?
armed with lasso and a curved piece of wood
In the arena, what characteristics made up the Secutores?
“pursuers” - like Samnite but without the neck protector
In the arena, what characteristics made up the Hoplomachus?
full-armed with a breastplate and visored helmet
In the arena, what was a rudis?
wooden sword given to gladiators on their retirement
In the arena, what was a lanista?
gladiator trainer
In the arena, who was the editor munerum?
giver of games
In the arena, what was the arena?
(also called harena) sand put down to absorb the blood from a gladiator match
In the arena, what were venationes?
hunts where Bestiarii fought wild beasts
In the arena, what was the premere pollicem?
to press the thumb against the forefinger - crowd wants to spare the gladiator’s life
In the arena, what was the vertere pollicem?
turning the thumb upwards or towards the chest - to signify the death stroke
When were gladiator fights brought to Rome?
264 BC
Only at what events did gladiator fights originally happen?
funerals
In the arena, what were naumachiae?
mock naval battles - they flooded the arena
What were subligaculum?
underwear
Who wore a tunica?
everyone (like long t-shirt)
Who wore a toga praetexta?
boys under 16 and magistrates (with purple stripe)
Who wore a toga virilis?
all white - worn by men over 16
What were other names for the toga virilis?
toga pura or toga libera
When did boys give up their toga praetexta?
the Liberalia
Who wore the toga candida?
men running for office; bright white (chalk)
Who wore the toga pulla?
worn by men in mourning (called sordidati)
What was a stola?
women’s dress
What was a palla?
women’s shawl
What was a bulla?
child’s good luck charm
What was a calceus?
shoe (for outdoors)
What was a solea?
sandal for indoors
What was a petasus?
broad-brimmed hat
What was a pilleus?
cap of freedom
