Roman Empire Flashcards
476
end of western empire
568
lombards invade, division of italy
Split into 3 parts (Pope, Northern Italy, and kingdom of sicily), northern italy becomes part of the holy roman empire
754
Pippin invades Ravenna, Franks invade Italy and gain control over Italy. Pope asked the Frank king (Pippin, Charles father) to help him, alliance formed between Pope in Rome and the Franks. Invaded and defeated the Lombards.
773-4
invasion from Charlesmagne, defeated the Lombards and conquered Northern Italy. After he became emperor
800
Charlemagne takes the crown on Christmas eve. We have empire back in western Europe.
842
Partition of Verdun. France becomes independent, the rest (Germany + Northern Italy) remains Holy Roman Empire.
fight between the 3 nephews of Charles and we have a division from France and rest of the empire. Authority means land is yours, same goes for relationships. One authority, one land. Brother has to receive portion of land, also implies separated from the rest. Charlemagne’s son tried to keep empire together and give second and third sons small portions of land, but they cooperated to defeat the first son, why we have two kingdoms from 842-843 (France and Germany). Germany will also gain Northern Italy. Battle in 843. Germany and Italy remain the empire and France became a kingdom
1154
Roncaglia (a city close to Bologna), first time the Italian cities denounced Milan in front of the Supreme judge (emperor). The one time the emperor would come, the cities requested him to be the judge, Pavia/Como vs Milan. Weapons, fashion, and gold jewelry was centered around Milan
1158
another meeting in Roncaglia because the emperor had no idea of his role as supreme judge, for more than a century the emperor was the commander in chief against barbarians and arabs. Emperor asked for the help from experts. Frederick I (“red beard”). Trial was Milan vs Como + Pavia. Frederick asked for help from law school professors from Bologna. Bologna has been the first western university (1088). Bologna was just law school. Frederick asked Bologna lawyers to tell him his power, the answer was whatever. In Italian cities they were exercising regalia (right of the rex/entitlements of king): collect taxes, organize army, foreign policy (treaties:war/peace). Topic started because of foreign policy but ended with the others. Started with Como/Pavia asking Milan to stay quiet, but in the end the emperor told all 3 cities they could not do anything.
1162
created the lombard league (Milan, Pavia, Como). walls were destroyed, only gates remain, and realized it was better to create an alliance with milan against the emperor because the emperor was too strong. Frederick came back for the 3rd time and destroyed Milan, where walls were destroyed.
1176
Legnano, battle and the Lombard league defeats Frederik I. This is incredible. However, after battle need a treaty. Came back for 4th time and was defeated.
1183
Constance, city in Switzerland, king says, we allow you to exercise the powers of the regalia (collect taxes, army, foreign policy). I allow you to do this means he is in charge of sovereignty, gives cities the authority. Sovereignty owns the power. Authority exercises power. Representatives go to Constance and sign treaty where emperor is sovereign and city has authority and can exercise regalia.
Barbarians to Germans
Charlesmagne received the crown and it is the first time a German received the old imperial crown.
Rome, Republic & Empire, Senate/Magistrates
Rome: municipia
Barbarian invasions - bishop: defensor civitatis
Holy Roman Empire: end of the Carolingians - lack of authority in Northern and Central Italy
Italian cities: community around the bishop - social treaty (coniuratio)
Bishop: if a community is without an institution there is a problem, only recognizable institutions aside from kings were religious authorities. Bishop was local leader of local church, became supreme judge of the city
King vs bishop: with a monarchy power passes through the son, but a bishop cannot have children, so no opportunity to pass the power. Important because inside the cities, landlords/bankers/leaders of craftsmanship (the richest) started to create an association of people helping the bishop in exercising institutional rule of the city. Association starts with an oath (coniuratio), the association was commune (idea was common good). With time they gain more and more power and the bishop remains just a religious leader. Put a statute for the city. Each city had a constitution. Cities part of the holy roman empire started acting as independent republics (commune/city state), ruled by assembly (arengo), leaders were named consuls. Consuls were the supreme magistrates in the ancient roman republic (2-12 governors of the city, elected by the assembly, elected by arengo for a short time rule, 3 months to 1 year)
Holy Roman Empire
Charlesmagne founded the holy roman empire in 800 when he was crowned
“Commune”: Arengo, consuls (magistrates), guilds (arti) & fraternities
City states is how historians defined it, republic is how it is defined because the men, landowners, and most important members of the guilds (arti)
Democracy: everyone has the right to vote
The Commune, arengo (senate) was the name of the assembly and they had to elect magistrates (consuls). Consuls were the leaders of republican rome.
Inside the commune, associations are very important, guilds (arti) were associations of people doing the same job (one person was the representative), and the fraternities were
Republic because only the guilds could vote
City organized republics
a system in which bourgeois and landowners created assemblies inside which the government was elected, made by more people for a short period of time, able to exercise the regalia (collect taxes, army, foreign policy).
