Roman Civilizations Flashcards
1
Q
When was the consulship normalized?
A
The 4th century
2
Q
Who was Hersilia?
A
Romulus’s wife, featured in a painting where Sabine women stop the fighting between Roman and Sabine men
3
Q
What is “libertas”
A
The freedom of speech without repercussions
4
Q
What is true regarding military tribunes?
A
They ruled in groups of 3-4, and later 6, and they were magistrates with consular power
5
Q
Who was Servilius?
A
Consul who promised the people that if they joined the military, no one could collect on their debt and they would not be a slave. Did not apply to military veterans.
6
Q
What oath did Lucretia make Brutus make?
A
The oath to punish her adulterer
7
Q
Who raped Lucretia?
A
Sextus
8
Q
What was the Latin League?
A
An alliance formed to protect the cities from incursions by hill tribes
9
Q
How did the dictator come to power?
A
He was appointed in a secret midnight ceremony
10
Q
For how long did a dictator serve?
A
For 6 months or the length of the crisis, whichever was shorter
11
Q
What was the significance of Tarquinius Superbus cutting off the heads of poppies in front of the messenger sent by his son, Sextus?
A
He was telling his son to kill the important men in Gabaii
12
Q
Why did Lucretia commit suicide?
A
Because she didn’t want to serve as a negative example to other Roman women
13
Q
What event gave the mob leverage over the senators in the episode involving Livy’s veteran?
A
The Volscians march on Rome
14
Q
What could the tribune of the Plebs do?
A
Propose legislation, convene the Senate, block official actions, and had a sacrosanct body
15
Q
According to the Delphic oracle, what would be awarded to the first to kiss his mother?
A
Supreme power
16
Q
When did the Romans discover the head of an unidentified man?
A
When digging the foundation for the Temple of Jupiter Optimus Maximus. It was considered an omen that Rome would be the capital city of the world.
17
Q
Who commissioned the building of the Temple of Jupiter Optimus Maximus?
A
Tarquin the Proud
18
Q
Who was second in command to the dictator?
A
The magister equitum
19
Q
How did Brutus act around the Tarquins?
A
He played the fool
20
Q
Why was Servilius unable to support the debtors in the end?
A
He caved under the opposition of his co-consul and the senators
21
Q
Why was Tarquinius Collatinus exiled?
A
His family name was a reminder of tyranny for the Roman people
22
Q
The Struggle of the Orders between the patricians and plebeians in the 5th and 4th centuries…
A
Included the factor that plebeians outnumbered patricians, was an internal conflict in Rome, and involved plebeian push-back against the patricians’ privileges, including their ability to take on religious and secular offices
23
Q
Why was Brutus successful in rousing a revolt against the Tarquins?
A
He used the body of Lucretia to rouse sentiments against the Tarquins
24
Q
What was the Conspiracy of the Noble Youth?
A
A conspiracy that took place after Brutus gained power to restore the Tarquins back to power. Brutus’ son was one of the conspirators.
25
What were the first three city-states in Italy?
Etruria, Latium, and Campania
26
Who raised Romulus and Remus
The shepherd and his wife
27
What role did the senate play in the selection of the king of Rome?
The ratified the vote of the citizens
28
Why was Rhea Silvia forced to become a Vestal Virgin?
Her uncle did not want her to produce any children that would have a better claim to the throne than him
29
Who was the last king of Rome and how did he come to power?
Tarquin the Proud; he killed the last king
30
Who was Numa Pompilius?
The next king of Rome after Romulus died. He was a peaceful man who did not go into war and expanded religion. He was of Sabine origin.
31
How does Brutus die?
In the battle against the Tarquins
32
Who was the father of Romulus and Remus?
Mars
33
What did Romulus first do in an effort to provide wives for the male settlers of early Rome?
He asked neighboring towns for the right of intermarriage
34
Who was Evander?
He was a Greek exile who founded a city on the site of Rome, but much earlier, in the Arcadian era (before the Trojan War).
35
How did Romulus die?
He was either killed by a mob of angry senators or he was taken up by a storm cloud while reviewing his troops
36
How was the right to be king passed down among the Silvan kings?
The kingship was passed to the old son
37
Why did Turnus form an alliance with the Etruscan king Mezentius against Aeneas?
Because he was angry that Aeneas had married Lavinia, who had previously been promised to him
38
Who ruled Rome immediately after Romulus's death?
A group of 10 men who ruled for five days at a time
39
During the Iron Age (c.800-730 BC), we have evidence of trade between Italy and which culture(s)?
Phoenicians and Greeks
40
To which divinity did Romulus sacrifice oxen as part of his foundation of Rome?
Hercules
41
Who were the patricians?
The descendants of the original 100 senators that Romulus chose
42
What geographical feature permitted trade between the western and eastern Mediterranean?
The Straits of Messina
43
Which of the following are examples of likely Etruscan influence on early Roman culture?
The augury, the purple-bordered toga, and the curule chair
44
In which period of early Italian history do we see the construction of civic buildings such as the Temple to Apollo?
725 BC, with the emergence of the city-state
45
What was the "pomerium"?
The sacred boundary around the city center
46
How did the war between the Romans and Sabines eventually end?
The Sabine women negotiated a truce between their fathers and Roman husbands
47
What are "Decemvirs"?
A board of ten men in 450 BC who were appointed to overhaul laws and publish them
48
What is the name of the first written code in Rome?
The Twelve Tables
49
Who was Cincinnatus?
A dictator who took charge during an emergency, and then afterwards resigned and went back to farming.
50
What do censors do?
Puts citizens into centuries and monitor the behavior of citizens. Elections for censors took place every five years and the term was for 18 months.
51
What happened in the Sack of Veii (396 BC)
Rome sacks Veii, turns it into a Roman town. Veii was the town that Tarquin partnered with
52
Who were the Gauls in northern Italy?
Aristocratic clans with armed supporters
53
What office holder took care of maintaining public buildings?
Aediles
54
What does the quaestor do?
He manages the money of the Republic.
55
What is not true of the office of the pontiff in Rome?
Pontiffs were elected every five years
56
What was the First Samnite War
War from 343-341 BC. Capua appealed to Rome for help against the Samnites. The war was brief, the Romans won. Resulted in significant power in Campania.
57
How did other Italian cities react to the First Samnite War?
They resented Rome's power. Campanian cities became municipia "suburbs" with or without citizenship.
58
When was the campaign season?
Before the harvest until the onset of winter.
59
What was the Second Samnite War?
War from 326-304 BC. Until 314, the Samnites were winning. Rome won a series of important battles and emerged victorious.
60
What was the Third Samnite War?
War from 298- 290 BC when the Samnites joined forces with the Etruscans, Umbrians, and Gauls. Rome defeated them, made peace treaties, and controlled all of Italy except the valley south of the Alps and the far South.
61
Which of the following provisions was not included in the Servilius edict?
All debts would be forgiven upon completion of 10 years of military service
62
Which of the following were powers held by the tribune of the plebs?
Could convene senate, could intercede to protect a plebeian from abuse, it was illegal to harm them.
63
What was Valerius' nickname?
Publicola
64
Where were the Samnites centered, relative to Rome?
Southeast of Rome
65
Whose job was it to divide Roman citizens into centuries?
Censor
66
Rome declared war on Carthage and started the 2nd Punic War after Hannibal seized control of this Spanish city.
Saguntum
67
What is true about the Battle of Cannae?
One consul was killed, it was a result of Rome abandoning Cunctator's strategies, it was a disastrous loss for the Romans
68
Under what law was the office of the consul opened up to the plebeians?
Licinian-Sextian
69
What was the outcome of the Latin War in the 4th century BCE?
Rome defeated the Latin allies who had revolted and extended its dominance into Campania
70
What was the result of the 3rd Samnite War?
Rome had control of all of Italy, except for the north that was controlled by Gauls and the south that was controlled by Greeks
71
Which of the following apply to the municipia?
Some were awarded citizenship, they could keep their local forms of government.
72
Rome's first provinces overseas as a result of the 1st Punic War were
Sardinia, Sicilia, Corsica
73
Why did the Romans get involved in the 1st Samnite War?
The city of Capua in Campania asked for their assistance.
74
Which of the following were covered in the Twelve Tables?
Debt, the right of the father over the household, and disputes over land ownership
75
According to Livy, how was Tiber Island created?
Wheat from the Campus Martius was harvested and thrown into the Tiber, where it settled
76
Which two cities were initially fighting over the Straits of Messina when Rome entered the fray?
Carthage and Syracuse
77
What group of people sacked Rome near the start of the 4th century BC?
Gauls
78
What happened to Brutus's sons?
They were beheaded
79
How did Brutus die?
In the war against the Tarquins and their Etruscan allies
80
What is one significance of the Romans' sack of Veii?
It marked the first time the Romans had a permanent presence in Etruria
81
Scipio Africanus defeated Hannibal decisively in 202 BCE in this African city
Zama
82
Which of the following was NOT a strategy used by Rome to deal with uncooperative cities who resisted Roman takeover?
Heavy taxes
83
Who were the Conscripts?
The name for the men added to the senate by Brutus
84
This commander's strategy during the 2nd Punic War was to avoid major battles and to engage in minor skirmishes with the Carthaginians instead.
Fabius Maximus Cunctator
85
Who were the Decemvirs?
A group of men who produced the first written law code in Rome
86
The Romans were adept at naval warfare while the Carthaginians were better suited for land battles.
False
87
Which of the following was NOT a cause of plebeian discontent in the 5th century BCE?
Required military servce
88
What was one of the sources of external pressure on Rome in the fifth century BCE?
Raids on crops and livestock by tribes living in the surrounding hills
89
Which of the following was NOT an ally of the Samnites during the Third Samnite War?
Campania
90
What cities did the Tarquins form an alliance against the Romans?
Tarquinii and Veii
91
What was a secession?
When plebeians refused to participate in the military
92
Why was Valerius accused of aiming for the monarchy?
He was trying to build a house on a hill.
93
Why of the following was true of the office of the pontiff?
They had lifetime appointments
94
What was the cause of the Latin War?
The allies of the Latin League responding to the rising Roman power after the First Samnite War
95
What was a municipium?
A Roman territory that was usually granted citizenship, which provided troops
96
Why was Servilius unable to keep his promise of debt relief to the plebeians?
His fellow consul and others at Rome blocked him from doing so
97
The censor's job included distributing citizens into voting groups and?
Checking that senators met wealth and morality requirements.
98
When did the office of the consul become fixed as the highest office on the census honorum?
As part of the Licinian-Sextian reforms
99
What was unique about Fabius Maximus Conctator's tactics during the Second Punic War?
He cut off Carthaginian supply lines coming in from Spain and he avoided large battles and instead engaged in small skirmishes
100
Why was publication of the Twelve Tables significant?
It made it more difficult for patricians to enforce laws as harshly and unfairly as before.
101
Fighting over what holding led to the First Punic War?
Straits of Messina
102
What was the First Punic War?
War between Carthage, Rome, and Syracuse over the strategic city of Massana. Carthage caught the consul, Marcus Atilius Regulus, who failed to negotiate a peace.
103
What was the Second Punic War?
War from 218 to 201 in which Carthage expanded to Spain. Hannibal Barca besieged Saguntum and destroyed the army that confronted him.
104
Who was Quintus Fabius Maximus?
Consul who harassed Hannibal's army on the march, which was a very unpopular strategy. Named "Cunctator".
105
What was the Third Punic War?
War in which Roman forces besieged Carthage, thousands of Carthaginians were killed or enslaved, and the city was destroyed. Led by Scipio Aemilianus (Scipio Africanus).
106
What did the Third Punic War mark the end of?
Roman expansion
107
What was Rome's reality after the 2nd Punic War?
No grand plan for world domination, no clear efforts to establish economic foundation, not enough bureaucracy to manage holdings, emergence of system of taxation using contractors.
108
What were consuls and praetors who had their terms extended called?
"proconsuls" and "propraetors"
109
What was the First Macedonian War?
War from 215 to 205 in which Philip attempted to ally with Hannibal, and their war with Rome ended in a draw.
110
What was the Second Macedonian War?
War from 200 to 196 in which Rome intervened on behalf of the Greeks, and forced Philip to surrender his fleet and pay a large fine.
111
What was the Third Macedonian War?
War from 171 to 168 in which Philip's son, Perseus, was deposed by the Romans. This was the end of the monarchy in Macedon.
112
Name three geographic factors that helped Italy to prosper? What role did the Straits of Messina play?
Three geographic factors that helped Italy prosper were the agricultural Po Valley, the Alps (could be used for protection), and the Straits of Messina. The Straits of Messina permitted trade between the western and eastern Mediterranean.
