Roman Flashcards

1
Q

Features of the Roman Empire

A
  1. Longevity
  2. System of Rule and Bureaucracy
  3. Laws
  4. Built Infrastructure
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2
Q

Common Roman Building Materials

A

Stone
Clay
Wood
Cement

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3
Q

Materials chosen based on

A
  • local environment
  • climate
  • purpose of structure
  • budget
  • labour supply
  • point in history (available technology)
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4
Q

How they developed engineering

A
  • labour: large slave work force and soldiers returned from war
  • financial resources: conquered many large overseas empires
  • materials: worldwide access and knowledge
  • neccessity: growing population
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5
Q

Types of lime

A
  1. hydraulic

2. non-hydraulic

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6
Q

Making cement 1. (quicklime)

A

CaCO3 —(heat)–> CO2 + CaO

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7
Q

Heating Limestone

A
  • fuel: small and dry (pinecones, olive and fruit pits, almond shells)
  • 900oC needed
  • modern days: furnace
  • gallo-roman: kiln
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8
Q

what makes a good kiln

A
  • dig kiln down into ground (or into side of hill)
  • no wind in stokehole
  • tend fire and keep it going at all times
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9
Q

Making Cement 2. (slaking)

A

CaO + H2O –> Ca(OH)2

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10
Q

Making Cement

A

Ca(OH)2 + sand/aggregate + H2O + air –> concrete

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11
Q

Hydraulic Lime

A
  • sets in water
  • has more than 8% clay
  • romans added volcanic tuff or crushed pottery to non-hydraulic lime to make it hydraulic
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12
Q

Roman Wall

A

SANDWICH

  • concrete core
  • stone facing
  • stucco or plaster
  • paint (fresco, on plaster)
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13
Q

Opus incertum

A

random stone arrangement

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14
Q

Opus reticulatum

A

regular pattern diamond shape

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15
Q

Opus testaceum

A

brick

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16
Q

Quoins

A

edging at end of walls etc.

17
Q

Opus latericium

A

parallel rows of bricks

18
Q

Opus mixtum

A

different styles in one wall

19
Q

Roman Scaffolding

A

used putlog holes (had scaffold in structure as they built and then removed later)

20
Q

Marcus Vitruvius Pollio

A
  • architect, likely to have been praefectus fabri (prefect of the works) in Julius Caesar’s army
21
Q

Vitruvius’ fundamental principles of architecture

A
  • Strength/durability
  • utility/function
  • delight/beauty/design
22
Q

Development of the arch

A
  • corbelled arch
  • true arch
  • keystone or voussoir arch
23
Q

corbelled arch

A

triangle above entrance way

  • non load bearing (must be butressed)
  • earliest arches known in the greek world
24
Q

Keystone arch

A

true arch

  • can be made without mortar
  • directs forces directly downwards rather than diagonally into structure as with corbelled arch
25
Q

Barrel vault

A

extended arch

  • incredibly strong
  • can run up a slope
  • can go around in a circle
  • distribute weight better than a flat or pitched roof
26
Q

Roman “architectural revolution”

A
  • use of concrete to extend concept of arch to vaults

- development of dome and half dome

27
Q

cross vault

A
  • intersecting barrel vaults
  • useful for roofing extremely large buildings
  • useful for intersecting passageways
28
Q

Collosseum

A
  • used barrel vaults and ring vaults to support seating for thousands
29
Q

corbelled dome

A
  • not a true dome
30
Q

domes

A
  • hemisphere resting on masonry or brick drum
  • an arch rotated 360o
  • self supporting