Roles of IT in Business Flashcards
Governance is primarily the responsibility of?
Board of directors
Selling a digitized product (online book for example) can decrease its _____ and improve its ______.
Decrease its costs and improve quality
Digitization is a description of how ______ is changing in business.
Technology
Processes and structures, implemented by the board, to achieve organizational goals.
Governance
What concerns the transformation of nonelectric data to electronic form?
Digitization
Describe scope and scalability. How are they different?
Scope - concerns whether a system is built too small or too large
Scalability - concerns whether a system can expand with growth.
When a customer database spreadsheet can’t keep up with rapid growth of a business, this issue is related to?
Scope and scalability
Lack of strategic focus relates to an unnecessary task. See example on flashcard.
Gus McCrae, an accountant at Lonesome Dove Cattle Ranch, builds a spreadsheet to track cow movements between locations. However, there are so few movements of cattle between locations that the spreadsheet is unhelpful.
Management reporting systems exist to aid decisions and reporting. What is the most important design element in creating a management reporting system?
Types of decisions to be made
What are five different types of IT systems? These are system types based on activity.
- Operational systems
- Management Info Systems (MIS)
- Decision Support Systems (DSSs)
- Knowledge work systems
- Enterprise Resource Planning Systems (ERPs)
Transaction processing systems (TPS) would fall under which category of systems?
Operational systems
Accounting Information systems (AISs) would fall under which category of systems?
Accounting information systems (AISs)
Executive support systems (ESSs), data-driven DDSs, model-driven DSSs, and group support systems GSSs would fall under which category of systems?
Decision support systems (DSSs)
Office automation systems (OASs) would fall under which category of systems?
Knowledge work systems
Which IT system would be most appropriate for examining large sets of data?
Data-driven DSSs
This system supports the day-to-day activities of the business (purchasing of goods and services, manufacturing activities, sales to customers, cash collections, payroll, # of hours employees worked, etc.)
Transaction processing system (TPS)
This system provides information to mid- and upper-level management to assist them in managing non-routine problems and in long-range planning.
Decision support system (DSS)
This system provides generic support to clerical level employees and include many of the typical programs found on personal computers (word processing, spreadsheets, end-user databases, etc.).
Office automation system (OAS)
What is a key characteristic of a non-financial transaction?
No debit or credit entry made. Example: sending purchase order to vendor to purchase an item for re-sale
This system takes planning information (budgets, forecasts, etc.) data and compare it to actual results in periodic management reports (summary reports, variance reports, and exception reports?
MIS. Similar to budget system.
Which system will include external data? Which system places a great emphasis on external information.
ESS (Executive support system)
This system is designed to support routine management problems based primarily on data from transaction processing systems and, thus, would not be appropriate to provide support for this type of decision.
MIS (management info system)
This system facilitates the work of professional level employees (engineers, accountants, attorneys, etc.) by providing information relevant to their day-to-day activities (e.g., how the company has handled specific types of audit exceptions) and/or by automating some of their routine functions and, thus, would not be appropriate to provide support for this type of decision.
Knowledge management system (KMS)
This system provides information to mid- and upper-level management to assist them in managing non-routine problems and in long-range planning.
Decision support system (DSS)
This system is a subset of DSS that are especially designed for forecasting and making long-range, strategic decisions, and they place greater emphasis on external data.
Executive support system (ESS)
Increased responsiveness and flexibility while aiding in the decision-making process is an advantage of what system?
ERP
This IT system is designed to improve the productivity of office work.
Office automation system. Office automation systems include the software tools of daily work, including word processing programs, spreadsheets, email, and electronic calendars.
What do neural networks, case-based reasoning systems, and intelligent agents all have in common?
They all learn from experience.
This system does not learn from experience. It simply executes rules.
Rule-based expert systems
Desktop client, application, and database are all layers on a what?
Three-tiered architecture that most client/server applications operate on.
A __________ is a database archive of an organization’s operational transactions (sales, purchases, production, payroll, etc.) over a period of years. External data that might be correlated with these transactions, such as economic indicators, stock prices, and exchange rates, are also included.
Data warehouse
______ is the process of sorting through data maintained in a data warehouse in an effort to identify relationships between data fields or events. Also, it’s the process of performing statistical analysis and automatically searching for patterns in large volumes of data.
Data mining
With regards to data warehouses
- The bulk of the data found in a data warehouse comprises historical ______ data.
- ________ is one of the principal functionalities offered by data mining software. It is a major component of data mining software.
- Operational
2. Pattern recognition
What is the critical success factor in data mining?
Pattern recognition.
These relationships are often classified as sequences (one event leads to another) or associations (one event is correlated with another event). The ability to recognize these patterns is, thus, critical to successful data mining.
With regards to flat file systems
- Flat file systems contains ______ of data redundancy (high or little)
- Flat file systems are program independent. This is because the program independence of flat file systems means that multiple programs must be used to read, access and process the data. Is this an advantage or disadvantage?
- High
2. Disadvantage
A _______ is focused on a particular market or purpose and contains only information specific to that objective. This is also a specialized version of a data warehouse that contains data that is pre-configured to meet the needs of specific departments.
Data mart
A _______ is a generic term applied to information stored in some type of structured manner.
Data store
An __________ is a database that can maintain information about complex objects, and it demonstrates the basic characteristics of object oriented programming (inheritance, encapsulation, etc.).
Object-oriented database
Between data warehouse and data mart, which one is more specialized and support more specific needs?
Data mart is more specialized and supports more specific needs
Is external data included in data mart or data warehouse or both?
Both
When you are given a scenario in a problem, when would it be most appropriate to use data mining.
When you are looking for patterns in large amounts of data
Slice and dice means to look at data by ______.
subunit
Problem: If you are looking at online summary and want to determine why the cost of a particular item is high, what is the most appropriate technique to do?
Drill down. Meaning moving from summary to detailed information to determine high costs.
A _______ structure refers to how people are organized at an organization. (Hint: Neo Keanu Reeves)
Matrix organization
An accounting system that stores data in multiple tables (i.e., matrices) that are linked by common key fields. This is called a?
Database system
A data mart is a specialized type of ____________ that is tailored to the needs of a(n) _______.
- Data warehouse
2. Organization
This system is an automated system that that uses information obtained and integrates expert advice for user.
Expert system
Analysis of data in a database using tools which look for trends or anomalies without knowledge in advance of the meaning of the data is referred to as? It uses tools which look for trends or anomalies without such advance knowledge.
Data mining
________ is a branch of computer science that involves computer programs that can solve specific problems creatively.
Artificial intelligence
_______ involves computer creation of an artificial, three-dimension world that may be interacted with.
Virtual reality
With regards to databases, the _______________ controls the storage and retrieval of the information maintained in a database and is responsible for maintaining the referential integrity of the data.
Database management system (DBMS)
With regards to databases, ___________ is used to extract information from the database.
Data query language (DQL)
With regards to databases, ___________ is used to add, update, and delete data.
Data manipulation language (DML)
With regards to databases,___________ is used to create tables and fields of information within the fields.
Data definition language (DDL)
System software, programming languages, and application software are all categories of what?
Computer software
What is the ascending hierarchy of data in a system? What is the driving factor behind this ordering?
Options: Field, record, file, and character
Correct order: character, field, record, and file
**The order is based on pieces of data. Character has fewest, field second fewest, and so forth
Database management software is considered both ______ and _______.
- Software
2. Middleware
8047 is an example of what? These can be found in fields.
Data value or characters
CustomerNumber is an example of what?
Field (or attributes)
CustomerNumber, CustomerName, CustomerPhone, CustomerContact, CustomerCreditLimit is an example of what?
Record. A record is a collection of fields that describe an individual instance of an entity.
This is a collection of records for one specific entity (invoice file, customer file, etc.)
File (table)
Machine language must be designed for the specific computer and, therefore, is determined by the ______ who design the computer.
Engineers
Review the benefits of a single integrated database information system.
- Increased data accessibility
2. Decreased data redundancy
Pretty much all relational databases use what type of computer language?
SQL
Capability to ____ and ____ the database is a primary function of a database management system.
Create and modify
The advantages below are for what type of database?
- Flexible for ad hoc queries
- Store data in table form
- Maintained on direct access devices
Relational databases
With regards to structuring and organizing data, how do hierarchal and relational databases differ?
Hierarchical - Tree structure
Relational - Tables
- Report customization is a function of _____ system.
- Financial transaction inputs is a function of _____ software.
- Database access authorizations is a function of ______ system
- Report writing system
- Application software
- Access control systems
The ____________ defines the database structure and content, especially the schema and subschema descriptions, including the names of the data elements contained in the database and their relationship to each other.
Data definition language
The ________ language is a type of database language used to specify the privileges and security rules governing database users.
Data control language
The _______ language provides application programs with a facility to interact with the database to facilitate adding, changing, and deleting either data or data relationships.
Data manipulation
The ________ language are symbolic character strings used to control the current state of database management system operations.
Data command interpreter language
The machine-language program that results when a symbolic-language program is translated is called a(n) _____
Object program
This type of program refers to first-generation computers, which require manual wiring of the CPU to perform desired operations.
Wired program
An _________ (e.g., Microsoft Office) is a series of applications such as a word processor, database, and spreadsheet.
Integrated suite
_______ is generally considered to be software made available at a low, or no, cost to users.
Shareware
An _______ system controls the execution of computer programs and may provide various services. It can be considered a software that performs a variety of general technical computer-controlling operations.
Operating system
