roles identity & socialization

Question 1

role strain

Answer 1

Stress produced when the demands or expectations of a role conflict with one another

Question 2

sources of role strain

Answer 2

-inadequate socialization
-a bad fit between personality and role needs

Question 3

role conflict

Answer 3

Multiple roles of an individual make incompatible demands, so that harmony to one role means violation of another role
-Roles complete for an individual’s energy and time
-The decision to honour the demands of one comes at the expense of another role

Question 4

reducing role strain

Answer 4

Problems arise when people do not fully know or do not embrace the reciprocal rights and duties of their roles

Question 5

Ralph Lipton

Answer 5

 Status designates specific rights and duties on an actor
 The role designates reciprocal rights and duties on actors who occupy interacting statuses

Question 6

established hierarchies

Answer 6

 Prestige of universities cause families to give concession to students
 Reduce full time job to part time job

Question 7

roles taking (Mead)

Answer 7

 Role taking refers to the process in which we pick up and choose the existing roles, following the expected scripts
* Follower

Question 8

roles-making (Turner, 1962)

Answer 8

 Role making refers to the process of ignoring or modifying existing roles in favor of new roles by creating rules and new expectations
* Some date to date, some date for marriage
* New norms and rules are created
* Social norms change - society constantly changes

Question 9

roles-making (Turner, 1962)

Answer 9

 Role making refers to the process of ignoring or modifying existing roles in favor of new roles by creating rules and new expectations
* Some date to date, some date for marriage
* New norms and rules are created
* Social norms change - society constantly changes

Question 10

phases of role exit (Ebaugh, 1992)

Answer 10

o 1. First doubt
o 2. Looking alternatives
o 3. Role exit, turning point
o 4. Creating the ex-role
o 5. Accommodating the new identity to the old one

Question 11

status

Answer 11

o A person’s social position, which carries specified rights and obligations
o People obligations
o People occupy statuses by playing social roles, put it differently
 Rules are expected behaviours that correspond to status
o Individuals are accorded carrying esteem/prestige based on how successfully they enact roles
o Society’s ranking of roles (status) relative to each other

Question 12

Merton

Answer 12

each individual has a status set (a collection of all statuses occupied)
o Ex, physicians, parent, soccer coach

Question 13

Hughes

Answer 13

master status is the status (and the accompanying prestige) that most distinctly characterizes an individual
o Ex. Occupation, other statuses set are auxiliary (supportive) statuses

Question 14

status sequence (career)

Answer 14

a pattern of statuses (and corresponding roles) occupied during a lifetime

Question 15

The conflict paradigm

Answer 15

Peter Archibald analyzes roles at micro-social level, using Marx’s concept of alienation

Question 16

alienation

Answer 16

relationships between non-equals are alienated. they are characterized by:
- indifference or seperation
-egoistic purpose of interaction
-differential control
-feelings of dissatisfaction and hostility

Question 17

detachment

Answer 17

people of different classes, statuses and power tend to avoid each other

Question 18

classes interact on a role-specific basis rather than a personal basis

Answer 18

the increases the predictability of interactions
upper class people emphasize formality, which helps maintain status quo
lower status people believe that formality guarantees acceptance of their behaviour by others

Question 19

whites study of interactions in a restaurant

Answer 19

higher class, higher status, higher power individuals are more likely to initiate activity an influence other

Question 20

Libermans study of workplace attitudes

Answer 20

hostility underlies much of the interaction between non equals
promanagement and pro union attitudes of workers shift with their promotions and demotion

Question 21

identity: sense of self

Answer 21

the way in which we see ourselves (announcement) and in which others view us (placement) based on the roles we play

Question 22

looking glass self (Cooley, 1902)

Answer 22

we treat and view ourselves by seeing how other people view and treat us
identity is determined by individuals roles and then accorded prestige (status)

Question 23

situated identity

Answer 23

identity emerges from and affects face to face interaction with others

Question 24

biographical identity

Answer 24

consists of personal and social identities

Question 25

social identity

Answer 25

defined by similarity to some groups and difference from other groups

Question 26

personal identity

Answer 26

unique characteristics and the past of an individual

Question 27

goffman on identity

Answer 27

• Uses the structuralist concept of role and theatrical analogies to distinguish the two zones of role taking
  o Front stage and backstage are separate by barriers to perception
  o In frontstage people ‘give’ expressions appropriate to the desired presentation of self
   Presentation of self in the front stage consists of setting, appearance, and manner
  o Backstage hides accidents, disagreements, and conflicts between actors and this allows presentation of worthy qualities in the frontstage

Question 28

self casting

Answer 28

o Impression management; mainly two strategies: self-revelation and concealment

Question 29

altercasting

Answer 29

o Projecting a characteristic onto another person in order to achieve advantage to oneself
 Casting another into a role of fool by a verbal put-down

Question 30

identity trouble: embarrassment

Answer 30

o Caused by dissonance between announcement and placement
o Bodily accidents
o Insufficient support for identity announcement
o Mistaken identity placement (announcement is adequate but others are distracted or inattentive)
o Mismanagement of superfluous identities
o Reserve identities inappropriately surface on the dominant identity
- infringes on the identity of a student attending lecture
o Relict identity: an element of biographical past

Question 31

defensive practices

Answer 31

Corrective work to prevent or remedy damages to identity

Question 32

disclaimers

Answer 32

• Excuses and justifications before the act when face-saving is expected to become necessary

Question 33

accounts

Answer 33

excuses and justifications that follow embarrassing acts

Question 34

verbal disclaimers

Answer 34

 I may be wrong but
 Sin license: arguing that there is a good reason to break a rule

Question 35

non-verbal disclaimers

Answer 35

 Avoiding label of cheater during exams: exaggerated show of innocence, friendliness, inaccessible placement of books and notes, sitting away from ‘troublemakers’, etc.

Question 36

justifications

Answer 36

accept responsibility but deny negative implications (cheating doesn’t hurt anybody, victims deserve what they get, etc.)

Question 37

protective practices

Answer 37

• They protect the user as well as the communal assembly:
  o False moves by one person disrupt the interactional tone of the assembly

Question 38

studied non-observance

Answer 38

 Inattention to small lapses (ex. The emperor’s new clothes)

Question 39

Refraining from possibly embarrassing the other

Answer 39

 Avoiding gloating, providing excuses to the unsuccessful

Question 40

excuses

Answer 40

admission that an act is bad and denial of responsibility (coercion, inevitability, etc.)

Question 41

goffman and the dramaturgical perspective

Answer 41

o An important part of the socialization process is learning to perform social roles
 We as individuals are socialized to perform roles on the so-called stage of life
 When we meet others, we work to influence their impression of us
 Like other symbolic interactionists, Goffman was interested in explaining how individuals interact with others to create an impression and measure the impressions of others
 The front stage is where we perform to make an impression on others while the backstage is private, where we can act as ourselves

Question 42

self and social media

Answer 42

o Clara Dollar researched the presentation of self in the social media age
o She unpacks how she presents herself online to romantic date and then in-person during the date
o The essay is titled “My (So Called) Instagram Life)”
o In the essay she reflects on the following questions:
 Is this Instagram self her “real” self?
 Is her presentation of self in the real world on the date her “real” self?
 Does the presentation of self-differ depending on the social media tool?