Role of the external powers in the development of the IPC Flashcards
The external powers direct intervention in regional affairs emboldened both sides to renew and prolong the IPC
1954
After the 1st IPC the US established diplomatic relations with Pakistan, signing a mutual defence assistance agreement which pledged Washington to provide military equipment and training assistance to Pakistan
$80M a years worth of aid
- US and Pakistan also signed SEATO and Baghdad Pact to counter the perceived communist threat in India as they were leaders of the NAM
-USSR allied with Pakistan and made clear it recognition of Kashmir’s accession into India in 1955
1966 2nd IPC
USSR vetoed UNSC and blocked any attempts at resolving the issue and ensuring the continuance of the status quo to India’s advantage
1971 3rd IPC
- US continually sent supplies to West Pakistan and routed them through Jordan and Iran
- Sent USS Enterprise to the Bay of Bengal to deter further Indian action when Pakistan was nearing defeat
- USSR sent 730M military and economic aid annually in tanks, missiles, missile boats, shifted their bombers from Egypt to India
- Sent a nuclear sub in response to USS Enterprise
- Signed 1971 Indo-Soviet friendship treaty
The superpowers were significant insofar as they de-escalated conflicts through diplomatic means in the Short-term
**1966 US embargo **
- The US + NATO led a military embargo against Pakistan when the war started,
- Reduced the capacity of Pakistan to continue fighting as the were highly dependent on foreign supplies of arms
**1965 diplomatic calls for peaceful settlement of the dispute **
- US-USSR joint calls for peaceful settlement in the UN
where US fully support the efforts of the Secgen to bring peace
- Kosygin advised India and Pakistan to nego for peaceful settlement 3 TIMES starting with a ceasefire and offering the USSR’s good offices
- China issued an ultimatum for India to remove all military works for aggression on the Chinese side within three days
The superpowers were significant insofar as they helped to promote peaceful mediation processes
1966 Tashkent
Brought an end to hostilities and enshrined the non-use of force through one of the clauses that states “to settle disputes through peaceful means and not to have recourse to force”
