Role of Police + Private Police

Question 1

Hawk + Dabney (2014) - are all cases treated equal

Answer 1

• victim type is a factor
  -some are seen as an innocent victim
  -some are not taken as seriously because they are not seen as innocent

Question 2

Waddington (1999)

Answer 2

‘“What is policing?”… is what police officers do… there is much more to the subject under examination than meets the eye’

Question 3

Bowling et al. (2019) - what do police do?

Answer 3

-public reassurance-visible patrol
-Crime reduction-targeted policing
-Crime investigation-proactive investigation
-Emergency service-rapid response
-peace keeping-routine negotiations
-order maintenance-controlling crowds

Question 4

Reiner (2010)

Answer 4

-Policing is an aspect of social control processes
-Aimed to preserve security of social order
-Creation of systems of surveillance with threat of sanctions for deviance

Question 5

Sanders and Young (2008)

Answer 5

“much policing is by consent, much policing is done with the community”

Question 6

Charles Rowan & Richard Mayne - 9 principles of policing

Answer 6

-2+3 recognise importance of community policing
-2- Police rely on public approval, they must secure/maintain public respect
-3- to maintain this they must secure cooperation of the police - policing by consent

Question 7

Bittner (1970)

Answer 7

“police intervention means above all making use of the capacity to overpower resistance”

Question 8

Welsh et al. (2021) - police questioning suspects

Answer 8

• establish suspect’s thought process
• Seek valuable info
  -Catch offenders in lies
• gather info on past or planned crime where suspect was involved

Question 9

Maguire (2008)

Answer 9

-Proactive - preventative investigation high security events, sting operations
-Reactive - individual denunciation, case solving
-Retrospective - miscarriage of justice, high profile suspects

Question 10

Brodeur (2010) - case file analysis

Answer 10

-Determinants on identification of suspects - many different ways to identify a suspect e.g. police informant, patrol
-determinants of location of suspects: external assistance patrol, electronic surveillance, wanted person ad, etc
-scientific expertise: autopsy, crime scene, lie detectors

Question 11

Brodeur (2010) - criminal investigation

Answer 11

-quest for info that can be used in court for conviction
-not just solving crimes but securing convictions/guilty plea

Question 12

Charman (2018), Holdaway (1983), Loftus (2009)

Answer 12

Studies show in police culture the idea of crime fighting is central to the self image of many officers

Question 13

Brodeur (2010) - police legalised authority vs crimes

Answer 13

-Murder - lethal force
-Robbery - use of force to make seizure
-Trespass - enter and search premises
- Harassment - physical surveillance, interrogation

Question 14

Loftus (2019)

Answer 14

-Covert policing - subject of investigation is unaware, may infringe on their private life, also incorporates electronic info gathering as well as video and audio surveillance
-attitudes to covert tactics have changed + are now the go to method

Question 15

Ratcliffe (2016)

Answer 15

“intelligence-ked policing emphasises analysis and intelligence as pivotal to an objective, decision-making framework that prioritises crime hotspots, repeat victims, prolific offenders and criminal groups”

Question 16

Marenin (1982) - concept of order

Answer 16

-General order: capacity of state to guarantee public tranquillity/safety
-Specific Order: use of state power to promote specific interests
-police provide one of the mechanisms for both types of order

Question 17

Tiratelli et al. (2018)

Answer 17

Found that stop and search has ‘relatively little deterrent effect’

Question 18

Fassin (2013)

Answer 18

Stop and search, through the power relation instituted + humiliations, public order is not maintained, it shows that these people are a subject of the state that can be checked by those who hold the monopoly of violence in its name

Question 19

Reiner (2012) - analysing police role

Answer 19

-Historical: why were they set up and how have they developed
-populism: what do police see as their mission?
-Empirical: What is demand for police? How do they see their own role?
-Conceptual analysis: how can different debates be integrated theoretically? What would police do?

Question 20

Thornton (2015) - Re-imagining policing

Answer 20

• Cutting staff but not changing the way police work will cause failure + stress on staff - if cost is reduced, services must be delivered differently
  -Demand is changing (e.g. internet crimes)
• need to think about working with partner orgs - focus on prevention/early intervention

Question 21

Equality, diversity, inclusion (EDI)

Answer 21

-Internally focused - police force composition
-Externally focused - police interactions with victims, suspects and witnesses

Question 22

Plural policing + examples

Answer 22

-Public police services - Home office police forces
-Specialist policing bodies - Border force
-Internal orgs - Interpol
-regulatory authorities - Environmental agencies
-Municipal policing
-Civilian policing - neighbourhood watch
-commercial policing - security guards

Question 23

Purpose of criminal investigation

Answer 23

• bring offenders to justice
• serve victims + witnesses
• reassure community
• recover assets from offenders
• gather intelligence
• disrupt criminal activity
• reduce crime - including deterring future offenders

Question 24

Stop and search

Answer 24

-widely used power - 547,003 stops in 2022-23
-official rationale - crime control
-unofficial rationale - social order maintenance, public reassurance, maintains authority of police

Question 25

Stop and search - legal bases

Answer 25

-s1 PACE 1984, s23 Misuse of Drugs Act 1971, s47 Firearms Act 1968 - reasonable suspicion required
-s60 Criminal Justice + Public Order 1994, s44 Terrorism Act (replaced by s47a) - possible if authorised at specific times/places

Question 26

Accountability of Private Policing

Answer 26

• Civil Law
• Criminal Law
• Voluntary
• Self Regulation
• Critical Public Discourse
• Statutory regulation

Question 27

Brodeur (2010)

Answer 27

reliable data on private policing is scarce:
- 1972: 25000-250000 PP
- mid 2000: 150000-315000 PP
- oct 2023: 485000 licenced private security officers

Question 28

Private police differences

Answer 28

-respond to commercial imperatives not public interest
-have different sources of power
-accountable through civil law
-perform similar functions
-exercise symbolic power
-accountable through criminal law + role specific legislation
-sometimes work for police

Question 29

Why is private policing growing?

Answer 29

-supply/demand
-Fiscal constraint
-mass private property
-social control
-insecurity
-outsourcing

Question 30

British Security Industry Association

Answer 30

-70% of private police industry
-many different types of security, e.g. cash + property marking, cash + valuables in transit, CCTV, civil aviation security, close protection, crowd management, export management, information destruction, leisure industry security, etc