Role of Police + Private Police Flashcards
Hawk + Dabney (2014) - are all cases treated equal
- victim type is a factor
-some are seen as an innocent victim
-some are not taken as seriously because they are not seen as innocent
Waddington (1999)
‘“What is policing?”… is what police officers do… there is much more to the subject under examination than meets the eye’
Bowling et al. (2019) - what do police do?
-public reassurance-visible patrol
-Crime reduction-targeted policing
-Crime investigation-proactive investigation
-Emergency service-rapid response
-peace keeping-routine negotiations
-order maintenance-controlling crowds
Reiner (2010)
-Policing is an aspect of social control processes
-Aimed to preserve security of social order
-Creation of systems of surveillance with threat of sanctions for deviance
Sanders and Young (2008)
“much policing is by consent, much policing is done with the community”
Charles Rowan & Richard Mayne - 9 principles of policing
-2+3 recognise importance of community policing
-2- Police rely on public approval, they must secure/maintain public respect
-3- to maintain this they must secure cooperation of the police - policing by consent
Bittner (1970)
“police intervention means above all making use of the capacity to overpower resistance”
Welsh et al. (2021) - police questioning suspects
- establish suspect’s thought process
- Seek valuable info
-Catch offenders in lies - gather info on past or planned crime where suspect was involved
Maguire (2008)
-Proactive - preventative investigation high security events, sting operations
-Reactive - individual denunciation, case solving
-Retrospective - miscarriage of justice, high profile suspects
Brodeur (2010) - case file analysis
-Determinants on identification of suspects - many different ways to identify a suspect e.g. police informant, patrol
-determinants of location of suspects: external assistance patrol, electronic surveillance, wanted person ad, etc
-scientific expertise: autopsy, crime scene, lie detectors
Brodeur (2010) - criminal investigation
-quest for info that can be used in court for conviction
-not just solving crimes but securing convictions/guilty plea
Charman (2018), Holdaway (1983), Loftus (2009)
Studies show in police culture the idea of crime fighting is central to the self image of many officers
Brodeur (2010) - police legalised authority vs crimes
-Murder - lethal force
-Robbery - use of force to make seizure
-Trespass - enter and search premises
- Harassment - physical surveillance, interrogation
Loftus (2019)
-Covert policing - subject of investigation is unaware, may infringe on their private life, also incorporates electronic info gathering as well as video and audio surveillance
-attitudes to covert tactics have changed + are now the go to method
Ratcliffe (2016)
“intelligence-ked policing emphasises analysis and intelligence as pivotal to an objective, decision-making framework that prioritises crime hotspots, repeat victims, prolific offenders and criminal groups”
Marenin (1982) - concept of order
-General order: capacity of state to guarantee public tranquillity/safety
-Specific Order: use of state power to promote specific interests
-police provide one of the mechanisms for both types of order
Tiratelli et al. (2018)
Found that stop and search has ‘relatively little deterrent effect’
Fassin (2013)
Stop and search, through the power relation instituted + humiliations, public order is not maintained, it shows that these people are a subject of the state that can be checked by those who hold the monopoly of violence in its name
Reiner (2012) - analysing police role
-Historical: why were they set up and how have they developed
-populism: what do police see as their mission?
-Empirical: What is demand for police? How do they see their own role?
-Conceptual analysis: how can different debates be integrated theoretically? What would police do?
Thornton (2015) - Re-imagining policing
- Cutting staff but not changing the way police work will cause failure + stress on staff - if cost is reduced, services must be delivered differently
-Demand is changing (e.g. internet crimes) - need to think about working with partner orgs - focus on prevention/early intervention
Equality, diversity, inclusion (EDI)
-Internally focused - police force composition
-Externally focused - police interactions with victims, suspects and witnesses
Plural policing + examples
-Public police services - Home office police forces
-Specialist policing bodies - Border force
-Internal orgs - Interpol
-regulatory authorities - Environmental agencies
-Municipal policing
-Civilian policing - neighbourhood watch
-commercial policing - security guards
Purpose of criminal investigation
- bring offenders to justice
- serve victims + witnesses
- reassure community
- recover assets from offenders
- gather intelligence
- disrupt criminal activity
- reduce crime - including deterring future offenders
Stop and search
-widely used power - 547,003 stops in 2022-23
-official rationale - crime control
-unofficial rationale - social order maintenance, public reassurance, maintains authority of police
