Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Applications Animal Health > Role of Liver in Metabolism > Flashcards

Role of Liver in Metabolism Flashcards

1
Q

When is the early postprandial stage?

A

shortly following food digestion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

When is glucose taken up by liver?

A

When dietary glucose component high in blood

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

When glucose enters circulation, where is it taken up in order to replenish glycogen stores?

A

Liver, muscle, glial cells brain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What is excess glucose in the blood converted to when taken up by liver?

A

Triaglycerides (fats)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Define signalling role of insulin

A

“Store signal” –> increase transport of glucose into adipose tissue cells
Activation of enzymes that catalyse production of fatty acids from glucose derivatives
Inhibition of lipolysis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Where is insulin released from

A

Pancreas

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Insulin is released in response to what?

A

High glucose & low glucagon

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Summarise insulin’s actions

A

Increase glucose use
Inc carb and fat storage
Inc protein synthesis
THEREFORE lowers blood glucose/ FA/ AA levels

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What is the primary stimulus for insulin secretion?

A

Inc blood glucose conc

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Which cells release insulin?

A

Islet B cells of pancreas

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Lipids are precursors to the formation of ___ + ___ through the ____ cycle

A

Lipids are precursors to the formation of fatty acids + glycerol through the B oxidation cycle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

How many/few of the carbohydrates that ruminants ingest are absorbed directly as sugars from the GIT

A

Very few!

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What process aids the absorption of dietary carbohydrates in ruminant diets?

A

Fermented by microbes –> short chain VFA’s –> absorbed across ruminal mucosa

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What are the three VFA’s primarily produced by ruminal fermentation of carbohydrates?

A

70% acetic acid
20% propionic acid
10% butyric acid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

How is butyric absorbed and metabolised?

A

Metabolised by mucosal epithelium to ketone body B-hydroxybutyrate (BHBA) –> utilised directly by tissues as an energy sources

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

How is acetic acid absorbed and metabolised?

A

Acetic acid –> acetate –> blood –> peripheral tissues and mammary gland –> oxidation to generate energy, metabolism into long chain fatty acids for lipid storage

17
Q

How does propionic acid differ from butyric acid and acetic acid?

A

Proprionic acid is GLUCOGENIC whereas other two are KETOGENIC

18
Q

Which cells in the body are most dependant on glucose as an energy source?

A

Neurons

19
Q

How do animals maintain blood glucose levels?

A
  1. Utilise circulating glucose
  2. Mobilise stored glycogen
  3. Produce glucose by converting non-carbohydrate sources to glucose through gluconeogenesis
20
Q

During gluconeogenesis, oxaloacetate is made into what?

A

Glucose

21
Q

Triaglycerides are lipolysed into __ and __

A

glycerol and free fatty acids

22
Q

Free fatty acids are made into __ during B oxidation

A

acetyl CoA

23
Q

How do tissues spare glucose when circulating glucose levels are low?

A

By metabolising lipids rather than glucose as their energy source

24
Q

Which blood parameters stimulate hepatic glycogenolysis?

A

A high glucagon:insulin ratio

Catecholamines e.g. adrenaline

25
Q

During a fast, how do blood hormone levels respond to a decrease in blood glucose?

A

Inc insulin secreted & decreased glucagon secreted –> reduced hepatic synthesis of glycogen and triglycerides –> if blood glucose falls below a threshold …> hepatocytes begin to mobilise glycogen reserves –> release of glucose into blood

26
Q

How soon after food deprivation are hepatic glycogen stores usually depleted?

A

24hrs

27
Q

After depletion of hepatic glycogen stores, an animal is reliant on _____ for energy

A

gluconeogenesis

28
Q

How do muscles produce energy during a fast?

A

Glycogenolysis

29
Q

What stimulates glycogenolysis

A

Adrenaline

30
Q

Can skeletal myocytes release glucose derived from glycogen stores directly into circulation?

A

No- they use it themselves

31
Q

Glucose undergoes ____ in muscle cells to produce ATP and ___ or ___

A

Glucose undergoes anaerobic glycolysis in muscle cells to produce ATP and pyruvate or lactate

32
Q

What is the main organ in which gluconeogenesis occurs?

A

liver

kidneys also play a significant roles, especially during starvation

33
Q

Which hormones promote gluconeogenesis?

A

Glucocorticoids e.g. cortisol, glucagon & growth hormone

34
Q

Which 5 substrates can be used to generate glucose via gluconeogenesis?

A

Pyruvate
Lactate
Glycerol
Proprionate (derived from rumen fermentation)
Amino acids (derived from tissue protein stores, e.g. skeletal muscle)

35
Q

Which is the most important amino acid used for gluconeogenesis in the liver?

A

Alanine

36
Q

What is most of the alanine used for in hepatic gluconeogenesis?

A

Transamination into pyruvate –> release into blood –> uptake by hepatocytes –> glucose production

Applications Animal Health (9 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions