Role and Influence of Individuals, 1947-1967 Flashcards
Onn bin Ja’afar
founder of the united malayan national organisation which campaigned to rally the Malayas against the British in 1946
Abdul Rahman
supporter of the UMNO
Malaya first prime minister after independence in 1957
Chin Peng
Malayan communists
Tan Cheng Lock
led to the Malayan chinese association 1949
anti communist
trusted by the british
fought for constitutional change and inter ethnic co operation
who was Nkrumah
from gold coast
educated in missionary school and exposed to radical western ideas
1945 helped to organise the 5th pan-african congress in Manchester
role of Nkrumah in the gold coast
drew on popularity to form Convention peoples party
became prime minister 1953-57
moved towards independence in 1957 where became a republic as Ghana and held power until miliatry coup in 1966
political philosophy of Nkrumah
nationalism - change emerging from below
socialism - not in line with USSR
pan-africanism - african people should work together for common goal
responsible leadership
who was Azikiwe
helped create the national council of nigeria and the cameroons in 1944 and became its leader
dominated by the Ibo people in the East
had to be able to work with nationalist rivals and the british in order to create a safe, stable and independent nigeria
role of Azikiwe in nigeria independence
able to persuade the british that it was possible for ethnic groups to work together successfully within a federal system and that British rule was not essential to prevent civil war
independence in 1960 and became first president
who was Kenyatta
Kikuyu, educated in a scottish missionary school
1947 president of Kenya Africa Union - toured the country campaigning for the return of land given to settlers by the british and for independence within 3 years
Kenyatta in the Mau Mau emergency
KAU was banned
Kenyatta arrested in 1952 and accused of being a member of the Mau Mau
7 years imprisonment with harsh labour
while still in jail, elected as leader of Kenya Africa National Union
Kenyatta in independence
after release from prison in 1961 immediately began negotiations with Britain which led to independence in 1963 and served as prime minister until 1964 when he became president
role of Obote in Uganda independence
joined Ugandan national congress and was elected to the Colonial Legislative Council
1962 - prime minister of Uganda
Obotes rule
arbitrary - forced Kenyans out of leadership positions
1966 suspended the constitution and declared himself president
power was cemented when parliament agreed new constitution which abolished federal structure
overthrown by military in 1971
aim of Nelson Mandela
determined to achieve equal rights for black people in south africa
helped form youth league of the African National Congress and in 1952 was chosen to head the ‘defiance campaign’
influenced by marxism and joined south african communist party and on its central committee
how did nelson mandela gain support
left south Africa and travelled around Africa and visited Britain
military training in Morocco and Ethiopia
returned to SA in 1962 - served 27 years in prison
Nelson Mandela after his prison sentence
President in 1994
Andrew Cohen - background
in colonial office, focused on african affairs
knew decolonisation was inevitable
jewish background, deeply affected by the Holocaust - raised concerns about treatment of Africans in the colonies and SA under apartheid
Cohen policy 1947
set out a new direction for colonial policy by mapping a route through gradual reform by which the colonies could eventually emerge as independent, democratic and stable
role of Cohen in Africa
proposed central african federation
appointed Governor of Uganda - brought Ugandans into government and encouraged development of political parties, helped to lay ground work for independence in 1962
John Macpherson in Nigeria
Governor-General 1948-55, opened higher levels of colonial administration to the Nigerians
Macpherson Consitution 1951 - Nigerians included in their government for the 1st time but Macpherson still had power to veto decisions
led to conflict between ethnic regions
Charles Arden Clarke
Governor of the gold coast in 1949
released Nkrumah from prison in 1951 and brought him into government
acted as an intermediary between Nkrumah and Asante politicians
Clarkes role in independence
delayed the timetable for independence to allow for a third general election under colonial rule in 1956 in order for Nkrumah to demonstrate that he carried the support of the people
independence in 1957
