ROI Flashcards
What was the state of Arabia before the message of Islam?
A relatively insignificant land ignored by the Romans and Persians, with a unique social and economic system dominated by tribes and constant warfare.
The landscape was characterized by endless desert, and there was no central government.
How were tribes organized in Pre-Islamic Arabia?
Divided into tribes, each with their own chief, often engaged in conflicts with one another.
This resulted in a general state of lawlessness.
What were the main economic activities of tribes in Pre-Islamic Arabia?
Trade was the primary occupation, with the Nabateans being one of the most powerful tribes controlling lucrative trade routes.
Makkah’s location facilitated trade between East Africa and markets in Babylon, Damascus, and Jerusalem.
What was the significance of the Ka’abah in Pre-Islamic Arabia?
It attracted worshippers from across the peninsula, serving as a religious center despite the polytheistic beliefs of most Arabs.
Most Arabs worshipped multiple gods and goddesses, including Al-Lat and Manat.
Who controlled Makkah during the time before Islam?
The powerful tribe of Quresh.
They gained influence due to the strategic and spiritual value of Makkah.
What was the economic strategy of the Quresh tribe?
They profited from granting access to the Ka’abah and selling provisions to pilgrims, rather than engaging in extensive trade.
Some clans within the Quresh, like Banu Hashim, participated in trade.
What was the early life of Hazrat Muhammad?
Born in 571 CE into the Banu Hashim tribe, his father died before his birth, and his mother, Amina, raised him.
He became known for his honesty and skill in trade.
What significant event occurred in the year 610 CE for Hazrat Muhammad?
He received a revelation from the Angel Jibraeel while meditating in the cave Hira.
This marked the beginning of his prophethood.
What did Hazrat Muhammad preach after receiving revelations?
He preached monotheism, renunciation of idol worship, preparation for the Day of Judgment, and social justice.
He also called for the fair treatment of the poor and enslaved.
What challenges did Hazrat Muhammad face after beginning his preaching?
He faced opposition and persecution from the rulers of Makkah, especially as more people converted to Islam.
The persecution was particularly severe against the poor and enslaved.
Fill in the blank: The _______ was a common practice in Pre-Islamic Arabia.
slavery
True or False: Most Arabs in Pre-Islamic Arabia were monotheists.
False
What was the role of women in Pre-Islamic Arabian society?
Women had very few rights, and practices like female infanticide were common.
Daughters were often buried alive by families who preferred sons.
What was the geographical feature of the Arabian Peninsula?
Dominated by endless desert with occasional oasis towns and city-states.
This geographical characteristic influenced social and economic structures.
What was the significance of trade routes in the Arabian Peninsula?
They facilitated the exchange of goods and cultural interactions across regions, enhancing the economic power of tribes like the Nabateans.
Makkah’s central position allowed it to thrive as a trade hub.
What tribe was Muhammad born into?
Banu Hashim
Who was Muhammad’s father?
Abdullah ibn Abdul Muttalib
Who was Muhammad’s mother?
Amina bint Wahab
At what age did Muhammad’s mother die?
Before he turned seven
Who raised Muhammad after his mother’s death?
His grandfather, Abdul Muttalib, and later his uncle, Abu Talib
What was the reaction of the Makkans to Muhammad’s message?
They feared it would threaten their political, economic, and social supremacy.
What did the Makkans offer Muhammad to stop spreading Islam?
To become their king or accept riches
What was the outcome of the Makkans’ offers to Muhammad?
He refused their offers.
What action did the Makkans take against the Banu Hashim tribe?
They expelled them from Makkah.
Where were the Banu Hashim forced to reside?
In a valley called Shahb-e-Abi Talib
What hardships did the Banu Hashim face during their exile?
Denial of food, water, and other basic necessities.
How long did the exile of the Banu Hashim last?
Three years
What significant event happened in 620 CE related to Muhammad’s protector?
Abu Talib died.
What began to happen to Muhammad’s followers after Abu Talib’s death?
They were openly persecuted.
What marked the beginning of the Islamic calendar?
The Hijrah, Muhammad’s migration to Madinah in 622 CE.
What was the primary reason for the persecution of Muhammad?
His message threatened the wealthy elites’ customs and lifestyles.
How was the Muslim migration to Yathrib received?
The Muslims were welcomed by the people of Yathrib.
What was the first mosque built by Muhammad in Yathrib?
Masjid Quba
What did Muhammad draft during his first year in Yathrib?
A constitution for the city.
What was Yathrib later known as?
Madinat al-Nabi, the city of the Prophet.
Who was the first person of high social standing to convert to Islam?
Hazrat Abu Bakr
What was a significant early migration of Muslims instructed by Muhammad?
To the Christian kingdom of Abyssinia in East Africa.
What transformation did Yathrib undergo under Muhammad’s leadership?
From a chaotic city to a harmonious multi-faith society.
What was the relationship between al-Ansar and al-Muhajirin?
They were foundational to the new society in Yathrib.
What principle did the Last Holy Rasool Hazrat Muhammad lay the foundations of the new society in Yathrib upon?
Brotherhood or fraternity
What were the Muslims who migrated from Makkah called?
Al-Muhajireen
What were the residents of Yathrib called?
Al-Ansar
What did Hazrat Muhammad pair each Muhajir with?
An Ansar from Madinah
What significant event did Hazrat Muhammad deliver in 632 CE?
The Farewell Sermon
What encapsulated the message of Allah and is a core foundation for universal human rights?
The Farewell Sermon
Fill in the blank: ‘All mankind is from ______ and ______.’
Adam and Eve
What does the Farewell Sermon emphasize regarding equality?
No Arab has superiority over a non-Arab and vice versa
What key traits are emphasized in the Farewell Sermon as respecting universal human rights?
Equality and justice
What document did Hazrat Muhammad draw up in 622 CE that united the Islamic community?
The Charter of Madinah
What was established under the Charter of Madinah regarding Jews and Muslims?
They were to aid each other in all matters concerning the city
What battle did 313 Muslims win against a force of a thousand Makkans?
The Battle of Badr
How many Muslims faced a force of three thousand Makkans the following year?
The Muslims faced three times their strength
What did the Treaty of Hudaibiya signify?
The Makkans acknowledged the Muslims as equal bargaining partners
What was declared as part of the Treaty of Hudaibiya?
A 10-year truce
What happened when the truce was broken by the Quraish?
A force of 10,000 Muslims peacefully entered Makkah
What was the outcome when the Muslims entered Makkah in large numbers?
The Makkans laid down their arms without a fight
What does the Farewell Sermon state about the relationship among Muslims?
Every Muslim is a brother to every other Muslim
What did the Makkans do without a fight?
Laid down their arms
What was evident about the Muslims in Makkah?
They were no longer a weak segment of Makkan society
Who led the unified Muslim community in Makkah?
The Last Holy Rasool Hazrat Muhammad
How did Hazrat Muhammad conquer Makkah?
Without shedding a single drop of blood
What was the first action Hazrat Muhammad took upon entering Makkah?
Cleared the House of Allah of idols
What did the clearing of idols symbolize?
The end of idol worship
What significant act did Hazrat Muhammad demonstrate after conquering Makkah?
Granted amnesty to everyone
Who received amnesty from Hazrat Muhammad?
Even those who had committed grave crimes against him, his family, and his followers
What was the result of Hazrat Muhammad granting amnesty?
A great number of people converted to Islam
What did many leaders of the Arab tribes do after the conquest of Makkah?
Came to Hazrat Muhammad to embrace Islam
What became the center of Islam for the entire world?
Makkah
