Rodents Flashcards
Give an example of an adaption that rodents have to help them withstand cold conditions.
Brown fat.
This is used to generate heat via non-shivering thermogenesis and is used during hibernation.
True/false?
Brown fat is more vascular with more mitochondria than white fat?
True
Why are rabbits and rodents more at risk under anesthesia?
Their high metabolic rate can cause their body temp to drop. This happens because anesthesia can affect their ability to regulate body temperature. As a result of this they are more susceptible to hypothermia.
Therefore, it is important to closely monitor their temperature and provide appropriate warmth during anesthesia to prevent any complications.
What is the vertebral formula for guineapigs?
C7, T13-14, L6, S3-4, Cd 4-7
How many ribs do guineapigs have?
13 -14
What ribs are floating in guineapigs?
10-14
What ribs in the guineapig are cartilaginous?
The final 2 ribs
When does the skeletal system finally ossify in the rat?
approx 1 year old
Why do rats have longer bone healing time?
poorly developed haversian remodelling system
When do the growth plates at the proximal humerus and distal radius and ulna fuse?
2 years
(late in the life stage)
What does cartilaginous mandibular symphysis in the rat allow?
Flexibilty between the incisors when the animal is gnawing
What is the vertebral formula of the rat?
C7, T13, L6,S4,Cd 27-31
What is the vertebral formula of ferrets?
C7, T15, L5/6, S3, Cd 18
What animal is a ferrets skull most similar to?
cat
True/ False?
Ferrets have a proportionally small chest size compared to other carnivores.
False
They have a proportionally large chest size compared to other carnivores.
How many sternal rib pairs do ferrets have?
12
True/False?
Ferrets have a narrow thoracic inlet.
True
How many teeth do rodents have?
16-22
When do molars stop growing in omnivores (e.g mice and rats)?
around 4 months
True/ false
rats and mice are monophydonts.
True
They only have 1 set of teeth (no deciduous teeth prior to adult teeth)
Why are rats teeth yellow?
due to iron pigmentation
What is the dental formula for rodents?
1-0-0-3/ 1-0-0-3
True/false?
Ferrets are monophydonts.
False.
They are diphydonts because they have a set of deciduous teeth and a set of permanent teeth.
What is the deciduous dental formula of ferrets?
3(4)-1-3-0/ 3-1-3-0
What is the permanent dental formula of ferrets?
3-1-3-1/3-1-3-2
How old are ferrets when they recieve their permanent dentition?
7-10 weeks
How many deciduous teeth do ferrets have?
28-30
How many permanent teeth do ferrets have in total?
34
What animal are ferrets masticatory muscles and salivary glands similar to?
dogs
What are common problems are hamsters cheek pouches susceptible to?
abscesses, impactions, prolapses and tumours
What width should a hamsters cheek be when it is empty and when it is full?
Empty: 4-8 mm
Full: 20 mm
Where is the harderian gland located in rodents?
Behind the eye
What does the harderian gland secrete?
Lipids and porphyrin red pigment
What is the function of the harderian gland in rodents?
ocular lubrication and pheromone production
What leads to increased secretions from the harderian gland?
stress (due to behaviour or illness)
What is Chromodacryorrhea and what can it indicate?
Encrustations around the eyes due to release of porphyrins from the Harderian lacrimal glands.
Can indicate that the animal has been subjected to some form of stress (eg, chronic respiratory disease, changes in environment, etc).
Where is the thymus located in guineapigs?
Cranial mediastinum
What is the thymus replaced by in mature guineapigs?
fat
What type of diseases are common in ferrets?
Endocrine diseases
What are the main disorders seen in ferrets?
Insulinomas, hyperadrenocorticism, adrenal tumours, hypothyroidism, hypoparathyroidism, diabetes mellitus and persistent oestrus.
Where are the adrenal glands located in the ferret?
craniomedial to the kidneys
What can adrenal tumours lead to in ferrets?
Alopecia
What effect would a pancreatic tumour (insulinoma) have on insulin and glucose levels in ferrets?
Increased release of insulin which would in turn decrease glucose levels
What causes the clinical signs of a pancreatic tumour in ferrets?
resulting hypoglycaemia
What accessory glands do rodents have?
Prostate, seminal vesicles, ampullary glands and bulbourethral glands
How many lobes does the prostate have in rodents?
3
(dorsal, lateral, ventral)
What lobe of the prostate is also known as the coagulating gland in rodents?
Dorsal lobe
What type of uterus do guineapigs have?
Bicornuate
What accessory glands do male guineapigs have?
Prostate, coagulating gland, seminal vesicles and bulbourethral glands
What is the function of the coagulating gland?
responsible for semen coagulation and sperm motility
What type of uterus do ferrets have?
Bicornuate uterus
What is the oestrus cycle of ferrets linked to?
Increased daylight in spring
What could happen if a female ferret is unmated during her oestrus?
Oestrogen production continues which can cause hyperestrogenism. This condition leads to BM supression and anemia which can be very severe and sometimes fatal if untreated.
What is the only accesory gland that ferrets have?
prostate
Why might catheterisation in a male ferret be difficult?
curved top of the os penis
Why might a vasectomy be useful in ferrets?
Can mate with the jills to take them out of season
What is the name for a female ferret?
Jill
What is the name for a neutered female ferret?
Sprite
What is the name for a male ferret?
Hob
What is the name for a castrated male ferret?
Hobble/ gib
What is the name for a vasectomised male?
Hoblet
What is the name for a ferret neonate?
Kit
How long does oestrus last in the guineapig?
15 -17 days
How long does gestation last in the guineapig?
59-72 days
How long does oestrus last in the rat?
4-5 days
How long does gestation last in the rat?
21-23 days
How long does oestrus last in the hamster?
4 days
How long is gestation in the hamster?
15-18 days
How long can oestrus last in the ferret?
up to 5 months
How long is gestation in the ferret?
42 days
When can female guineapigs get pregnant again after parturition?
2-10 hours!
Describe the main diffferences in genitalia between male and female rodents?
Males have a rounded caudal end whereas females have a pointed caudal end.
Females have a smaller anogenital distance then males.
What family do chipmunks, squirrels and beavers belong to?
Sciuromorpha
What family do mice, rats, gerbils and hamsters belong to?
Myomorpha
What family do chinchillas, guineapigs, degus, capybaras and porcupines belong to?
Hystricomorpha
What family do ferrets belong to?
Mustelidae
What is a chinchillas lifespan?
8-9 years
How much should a chinchilla weigh?
500-800g
What should a chinchillas respiratory rate be?
40-80 breaths per min
What should a chinchillas heart rate be?
200-350 bpm
What is the dental formula for hystricomorphs?
1-0-1-3/1-0-1-3
When do chinchillas reach sexual maturity?
6 months
How long does a chinchillas gestation last?
111 days
When should chinchillas be weaned?
42 days
What type of oestrous do chinchillas have?
Seasonal polyoestrous
What type of litters do Hystricomorphs have?
precocial
What is the lifespan of a guineapig?
5-6 years
What should guineapigs weigh?
700-1200g
What should the respiratory rate of a guineapig be?
90-150 breaths per min
What should the heart rate of a guineapig be?
230-380 bpm
When do guineapigs reach sexual maturity?
3 months
What type of oestrous cycle do guineapigs have?
Non seasonal poly-oestrous
When should guineapigs be weaned
14-21 days
How long shoudl Degus live for?
7 years
How much should Degus weigh?
170-300g
When do Degus reach sexual maturity?
6 months
True/ false?
Degus have no regular oestrous and have induced ovulation?
True
How long does gestation last for in degus?
90-93
When should degus be weaned?
28-42 days
What is the typical lifespan of a rat?
2-3 years
How much should a rat weigh?
250-500g
What should a rats respiratory rate be?
70-150 breaths per minute
What should a rats heart rate be?
310-500 bpm
When do rats reach sexual maturity?
1 month
When should rats be weaned?
21 days
What type of litter do rats and hamsters have?
Altricial
What type of oestrous do rats and hamsters have?
poly-oestrous
What is the lifespan of a hamster?
2-4 years
How much should hamsters weigh?
85-130g
What should a hamsters respiratory rate be?
40-110 breaths per minute
What should a hasmters heart rate be?
300-470 bpm
When do rabbits reach sexual maturity?
2 months
When should hamsters be weaned?
19-21 days
How long do ferrets live for?
8-10 years
How much should ferrets weigh?
600g (F)/ 1200g (M)
What should the respiratory rate of ferrets be?
35 breaths per minute
What should a ferrets heart rate be?
200-250 bpm
When do ferrets reach sexual maturity?
Following spring
What types of litters do ferrets have?
Altricial
When are ferrets weaned?
42-56 days
True/ False?
Guineapigs are nocturnal
False
they are dinural
Why can guineapigs not make their own vitamin C?
They lack the enzyme L-gulonolactone oxidase which is required to synthesize vitamin C
What is the purpose of a dust bath for Chinchillas?
helps evenly distribute natural oils, clears away dirt and debris, and keeps their fur silky soft
What percentage of a chinchillas diet should consist of fibre, protein and fat?
15-35% fibre
16-20% protein
2-5% fat
True/False?
rats are nocturnal.
True
What % of a rats diet should be protein?
16%
What % of a rats diet should be fat?
5%
What is the most common type of hamster?
Syrian hamster
(mesocricetus auratus)
What breeds of hamsters are solitary?
Syrian hamsters and chinese hamsters
What breeds of hamsters are usually colonial?
Russian hamster
True/ False?
Hamsters are herbivores?
FALSE
They are omnivores
What % of a hamsters diet should be protein?
16%
What % of a hamsters diet should be fat?
4%
How long do ferrets sleep for?
18 hours
What % body weight can ferrets lose in the summer during their seasonal weight loss?
40%
What should a ferrets diet mainly be composed of?
Protein (35-40%) and fat (15-20%)
How should rodents be held?
One hand should be placed around the pectoral girdle while the other hand is used to support the body.
How should hamsters be held?
Cupped in hands with 2 fingers around the head
What are ferrets vaccinated against?
Distemper
What ecotoparsites are commonly found in guineapigs?
Trixacarus Caviae
What are the minimum requirements for travelling ferrets?
- EU PETS passport
- Identification passport
What might ferrets be at risk of after they have been neutered and why?
Adrenal gland disease
Due to loss of negative feedack persistently stimulating adrenal glands
What are common problems that are seen in Hystricomorphs?
Reduced gut motility due to having a diet poor in fibre and rich in carbohydrate
What are common problems that are seen in Myomorphs?
Constipation
What are common problems that are seen in ferrets?
Parasites, foreign bodies, stress
What rodent is obesity not usually seen in so could therefore indicate that they have an underlying problem?
Ferret
Why should rabbits and guineapigs not be housed together?
Rabbits carry the bacteria Bordetella which is the most common respiratory disease which is seen in guineapigs
They also have different general requirements
What can Vit C deficiency cause in guineapigs?
Scurvy, lameness, swelling of joints, reluctance to move, immunodepression, slow wound healing, bleeding
What is the recommended dose of Vit C for healthy guineapigs?
10 mg/kg/day
What is the recommended dose of Vit C for breeding guineapigs?
35mg/kg/day
What is the recommended dose of Vit C for stressed/sick guineapigs?
50mg/kg/day
What is pododermatitis?
Inflammation of the paw