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Geo Physical > Rocks & Weathering > Flashcards

Rocks & Weathering Flashcards

1
Q

Carbonation- solution

A

Rocks with calcium carbonate ie. Chalk, limestone

Rainfall combines with dissolved carbon dioxide or organic acid to form a weak carbonic acid

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2
Q

Hydrolysis

A

Occurs on rocks with orthoclase feldspar ie granite
Feldspar reacts with acid water and forms kaolin, silicic acid and potassium hydroxyl
Acid and hydroxyl removed leaving behind kaolin containing quartz and mica

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3
Q

Hydration

A

Certain minerals absorb water, expand and change

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4
Q

Oxidation

A

Occurs when iron compounds react with oxygen to produce a reddish- brown coating

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5
Q

Van’t Hoff’s Law

A

Rate of chemical weathering increases 2-3 times for every increase of temperature of 10*C

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6
Q

Chemical weathering increases with

A

Moisture and heat

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7
Q

Efficiency of freeze - thaw, salt crystallisation and insolation weathering is influenced by …

A

Critical temperature changes
Frequency of cycles
Seasonal variations in temperature

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8
Q

(4) Rock type influences weathering due to …

A

Chemical composition
Nature of cements in sedimentary rock
Joints and bedding planes
Grain size

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9
Q

Chemical weathering - 4

A

Carbonation - solution
Hydrolysis
Hydration
Oxidation

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10
Q

Process that affects limestone the most

A

Carbonation solution

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11
Q

Limestone features are best developed on carboniferous limestone because of

A

Greater strength
Low porosity
Lower permeability

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12
Q

(6) Amount and rate of limestone solution is affected by

A

Amount of CO2 in atmosphere, soil and groundwater
Amount of water in contact with limestone
Water temperature
Turbulence of water
Presence of organic acids
Presence of lead, iron sulphides, sodium or potassium

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13
Q

(6) Accelerated solution happens when …

A 
Impermeable rocks join limestone 
Solution by rivers
Solution by mixture (waters of different hardness mix)
Margins of snow and ice fields
Rainfall and runoff increase
When limestone is under soil cover
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14
Q

Limestone pavements

A

Large areas of bare exposed limestone

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15
Q

Dolines

A

Large depressions formed by the solution or collapse of limestone

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16
Q

Swallow hole / sink

A

Basically a hole / depression

River can disappear down the hole

17
Q

Resurgent streams

A

Limestone is underlain by an impermeable rock, such as clay

18
Q

Stalactites

A

Develop from the top of the cave

19
Q

Stalagmites

A

Develop from the bottom of the cave

20
Q

Speleothems

A

Cave deposits formed by precipitation of dissolved calcium carbonate

21
Q

Granite

A 
Igneous, impermeable, crystalline rock
Very strong
Resistant to erosion
Contain quartz, mica and feldspar
Freeze thaw and hydrolysis main processes of weathering for granite
22
Q

Equifinality

A

Different processes can produce the same end result

23
Q

Tors

A

Remaining outcrop of rock after the surrounding rock has been weathered away

24
Q

Formation of Tors

A

Igneous rick ie granite covered with regalith
During warm interglacial period, water infiltrates and percolates through to reach the granite
Water goes into the joint
Hydrolysis: hydrogen ions combine with the felspar mineral to produce kaolinite (china clay)
End of ice age: regalith removed
Tors left behind

25
Q

Hillslope

A

Area between the watershed and base

26
Q

Inputs to slopes

A

Energy: insolation
Mass: water and sediment

27
Q

Outputs

A

Energy : redradiated heat

Weight: mass, regolith

28
Q

Open system

A

See diagram

29
Q

Regolith

A

Superficial and unconsolidated material found at the Earths surface

30
Q

Slope controls : Aspect

A

Direction in which a slope faces
Facing south - subjected to more cycles of freeze thaw
Results in asymmetric valleys

31
Q

Slope controls : vegetation

A

Can decrease overland runoff through interception and storage
Can increase chance of major landslips
Forests reduce surface wash, cause a build up of soil between the trees , deepens regolith

Deforestation : exposed to more erosion and gullying

32
Q

Mass movement

A

Movement of material downslope under gravity
OR
large scale movement of the Earth’s surface that is not accompanied by a moving agent such as a river, glacier or wave

Geo Physical (3 decks)

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