Rocks, Resources&Scenery Flashcards
ISSUES WITH QUARRYING
what are the uses for quarrying?
Building stone
Cement
Like for farming
Aggregate
ISSUES WITH QUARRYING
Define the word Aggregate
Crushed stone from tough rock
Eg: Limestone
It is used in construction industry+ road buildings
ISSUES WITH QUARRYING
How many quarry’s are there in the Peak District?
Give a case study+ it’s where about?
12
Hope Quarry- Peak District- Castleton
QUARRY+ENVIRONMENT
What actions have been done to Hope Quarry to help maintain the environment?
Landscape+tree planting to reduce the visual impact of the quarry
Aim to reduce dust
£15M to help improve transport- railway road rather than roads to reduce traffic
Hope Cement Works produced 1tonne of CO2 per year= 2003- 7,000 trees were planted
Old Quarry-managed as a wetland reserve
WEATHERING
Define Weathering?
Name three types of Weathering?
Break up/decay of rocks in their original place at/ close to the earths surface
Mechanical
Chemical
Biological
WEATHERING
Define Mechanical, Physical and Biological Weathering
Mechanical: does not involve chemical change.
Break up of rocks without any chemical changes
Results in piles of angular rocks (screw) found at the foot of bare outcrops
Chemical: weathering that involves a chemical change taking place
Biological: involves actions of flora+fauna. Weathering caused my living organisms.
WEATHERING
Name two types of Mechanical and Chemical Weathering and give their definitions
Mechanical:
Freeze Thaw: weathering that involves repeated cycle of freezing and thawing
Exfoliation: flaking of the outer layers of rock mainly caused by repeated cycles of hot and cold= onion skin
Chemical:
Solution: dissolving rocks and minerals in rain water
Carbonation: weathering of limestone+chalk by acidic rainwater
WEATHERING
Stages of carbonation
- Rain water picks up CO2
- Rain water becomes a weak carbonic acid.
- Acidic rain water reacts with CaCo3 to form Calcium Bicarbonate which then dissolves the chalk+limestone
ROCK CYCLE
Definition of the Rock Cycle?
Can rocks be recycled?
How is igneous Rock recycled?
Connections between the three rock types shown in the form of a diagram
Yes they can be recycled
1. Broken down by weathering+transported to the sea as sediment
2. On sea bed the sediment turns into sedimentary rock
3. When uplifted to form a new mountain range sedimentary rock is then put under a lot of pressure
4. Some transports to metamorphic rock
5. Some form magma to then be cooled to form new igneous rock
HOW WERE ROCKS FORMED
3 types of rock+ definitions
Igneous: rocks formed from the cooling of molten magma
Sedimentary: commonly rocks formed from the accumulation of sediment on the sea floor
Metamorphic: rocks that have undergone a cb age in their texture as a result of heating/ pressure
HOW ROCKS WERE FORMED
What’s the Geological Timescale?
Period of geological time since life became abundant 52M years ago. which then helically divided into eras and periods
HOW ROCKS WERE FORMED
Give the characteristics+examples of the three types of rocks
Igneous: composed interlocking crystals=crystalline- tough+resistant to erosion. Example: Basalt= extrusive Granite=intrusive
Sedimentary: forms layers of beds. Contains fossils. Some can be tough Eg: Limestone most are weaker than igneous/metamorphic
Example: Sandstone- Limestone (Chalk is a form of Limestone)
Metamorphic: crystalline, exhibit layering (no beds) leaving cleavage and banding. Tough+Resistant
Example: Slate and Gneiss
WHAT ARE THE CHARACTERISTICS OF GRANITE
what’s intrusive and extrusive?
Intrusive: on ground
Extrusive: by volcanic activity
CHARACTERISTICS OF GRANITE
What type of rock is granite+ give its characteristics?
Intrusive igneous impermeable rock
CHARACTERISTICS OF GRANITE
What is a Batholith?
Huge irregular shaped mass of intrusive igneous rock that only reaches the ground surface when the overlying rocks are removed
CHARACTERISTICS OF GRANITE
Case Study for a granite landform?
Three minerals that granite contains?
Dartmoor
Pink feldspar
Black Mica
Grey colours Quartz
CHARACTERISTICS OF GRANITE
What is feldspar?
What does granite contain?
Feldspar: mineral that is vulnerable to chemical weathering+ decays to form white clay Eg: China
Granite contains horizontal vertical joints
CHARACTERISTICS OF GRANITE
Define Joints
What type of weathering takes place in Batholiths?
Joints: cracks that may run vertically/ horizontally through rocks
Mechanical: freeze thaw+ exfoliation
CHARACTERISTICS OF GRANITE
As granite is impermeable what happens to granites landscape?
What does the environment look like around granite landscapes?
Wet and marshy with plenty rivers Environment: -windswept and bleak - heavy rainfall/snow in winter - low grasses - stunted trees=mostly cover moors+they deeply dissect rivers
CHARACTERISTICS OF GRANITE
Features of a Granite Landscape?
V-Shaped Valleys
-valley sides= steep
Land is at a high altitude as the granite is resistant
Flat topped moor land.
On a map: contour lines close tog as the valley sides are steep
ISSUES WITH QUARRYING
What rock is made out from quarrying?
Limestone
GRANITE LANDFORMS
What is the most distinctive granite landform and give its definition?
Tor- isolated outcrop of rock on a hilltop, typically found in a granite landscape
GRANITE LANDFORMS
Where are tors located?
Who came up with a theory of how tors were formed+ the year?
How are tors formed?
Hill tops
Linton 1955
1. Granite becomes exposed on the surface due to an ice age
2. Erosion+Mass Movement (slumping) removed broken up granite
3. Leaving behind unweathered jointed granite
TOR
USES FOR ROCKS
Name a use for rocks
Give its definition+ a Case study
What do the rocks underneath London form? +give its definition
Aguirre: an underground reservoir of water sprees in pores/ joints in rock
EG: CHALK
London Basin Chalk Aquifer
Basin called a Syncline
- the lower arc of the fold in fold mountains
WHAT ARE THE USES FOR ROCKS
name 4 types of rock
Granite
Chalk
Clay
Limestone
WHAT ARE THE USES FOR ROCKS
Define Cement
Mostar used in building- crushed limestone and shale
WHAT ARE THE USES FOR ROCKS
Name 4 things that include why rocks are useful
Resource for Extraction
Farming
Water supply
Scenery
WHAT ARE THE USES FOR ROCKS Using Recourse for Extraction Farming Watery Supply And Scenery Explain why GRANITE is useful for these factors
Resource for Extraction
- building stone- used for kitchens
-used to have vulnerable veins of time and other metals
Kaolin originated as granite (China clay)
Farming
- extensive sheep farming= granite forms upland areas
Water Supply
- impermeable rock = reservoirs produced
Scenery
-bleak and windswept
-wild and attractive moorlands= good for outdoor activity Eg: mountain walking
-water sports on the reservoirs
WHAT ARE THE USES FOR ROCKS Using Recourse for Extraction Farming Watery Supply And Scenery Explain why CHALK is useful for these factors
Resource for Extraction - quarried for cement -source of lime for farming=neutralised acidic soils Farming - fertile soil for sheep -arable crops= wheat and barely Water Supply - Aquifers Scenery - rolling hills= wildlife, flowers, birds -horse riding and walking
WHAT ARE THE USES FOR ROCKS Using Recourse for Extraction Farming Watery Supply And Scenery Explain why CLAY is useful for these factors
Recourse for Extraction - making bricks and pottery Farming - fertile soil but can become water logged -sheep and dairy cattle Water Supply - impermeable rock= some reservoirs but as it is flat land it's not ideal Scenery - featureless not attractive
WHAT ARE THE USES FOR ROCKS Using Recourse for Extraction Farming Watery Supply And Scenery Explain why CARBONIFEROUS LIMESTONE is useful for these factors
Recourse for extraction - quarried into cement -lime for farming - building stone -popular stone for gardens Farming - thin, upland soils= sheep grazing Water Supply - spring water out of the limestone can be a source of water Scenery - attraction=popular to tourist -national parks Eg: PEAK DISTRICT -mountain biking, walking, climbing
LIMESTONE SCENERY
Case study for limestone scenery
What are the tourist attractions there?
How does it benefit and not benefit the case study?
Yorkshire Dales Long footpaths= Pennine Way Nature= birds Torus My= climbing, mountain biking etc.. BENEFITS -Economically= shops, cafes, hotels etc.. -Employment= locals -Local Crafts= farms DISADVANTAGES -traffic and pollution -litter=harmful to wildlife -cost of local shops are priced higher including housing which is bad for locals
CHALK AND CLAY LANDSCAPES
What type of rock are chalk+ clay + why?
Characteristics of them both
Sedimentary- formed under the sea and uplifted by volcanic activity to form land
Chalk: permeable rock
-forms springs with Limestone with CaCo3
-vulnerable to freeze thaw
Clay:
-weak
-impermeable
-rivers easily erode clay
-forms low as its flat on the ground with vales
CHALK AND CLAY LANDSCAPES
Why is chalk permeable
It’s heavily jointed and porous
Rain water soaks through the pores until it reaches the water table
Water stored reaches the ground to from springs
CHALK AND CLAY LANDSCAPES
Define water table and springs
Where do springs normally occur?
Water Table
- upper surface or underground water
Spring
- water re-emerging from rock to ground surface
Occur: springlike, at the base of a scarp slope
CHALK AND CLAY LANDSCAPES
Define Vales
How is chalk and Clay exposed on the ground and why?
In the landscape a flat plain which is formed on clay
Exposed on an angle and folded by tectonic activity
DEFINITIONS FOR CHALK AND CLAY Porosity Are these rocks porous or not and are the permeable or impermeable? Granite Chalk Clay Carboniferous Limestone
Porosity: % or pore spaces in rock
Granite: impermeable and non porous
Chalk: permeable and porous
Clay: impermeable can be porous/ water logged
Carboniferous Limestone: permeable and non porous
CARBONIFEROUS LIMESTONE LANDSCAPES
Describe CLL’s+ what are there features
- high ground
- exposed of bare rock and steep sides valleys or gorges
CARBONIFEROUS LIMESTONE LANDSCAPES
Define a gorge
When weathering happens in the CLL what happens to the ground
Locate a limestone landscape
Gorge: steep sided deep valley that may be formed when a cavern collapses
Weathering produces thin soils that support the grass so this results in
- grazing sheep
- some isolated trees
MALHAM YORKSHIRE
CARBONIFEROUS LIMESTONE LANDSCAPES
Surface features of CLL
+ give definitions
LIMESTONE PAVEMENT: bare rocky surface, with distinct blocks called Clints and enlarged joints called Grikes.
SWALLOW HOLE: enlarged joints into which water flows
DRY VALLEY: valley formed by rivers during water periods in the past Eg: ice age but now there is no river present
CARBONIFEROUS LIMESTONE LANDSCAPES
After an ice age water tables can be high, what could be found? And then what does this result in?
Define the word and what is found in them
Gorges can be found which results in underwater caverns
Caverns: large underground cave
- springs and resurgence are found in caverns
CARBONIFEROUS LIMESTONE LANDSCAPES
Define resurgences
Where they occur
Stream that emerges from underground occur from small caverns
CARBONIFEROUS LIMESTONE LANDSCAPES
What are the underground features
+ give definitions
STALACTITE: icicle calcite feature hangs from roof of cavern
STALAGMITE: a stump calcite feature on cavern floor
Pillar: when calcite feature stretches from floor to ceiling of the cavern
Curtains: broad deposit of calcite usually formed when water emerges along the crack in the cavern
CARBONIFEROUS LIMESTONE LANDSCAPES
- How are Stalactites and Stalagmites formed?
- What happens when Calcite stretched from floor to ceiling?
- How are curtains formed?
1.STALACTITE: rich CaCo3 from the cave and the caverns drop from the ceiling and it leaves a deplete on calcite and then when it evaporates it forms a stalactite
STALAGMITE: CaCo3 drips on the floor and the deposits of calcite has the splatter effect which then stalagmites are formed but they are formed shorter and stumpier
- Pilar is formed
- CURTAINS: calcite can be deposited over wider surface where water flows over a rock face or many drops occur over a cracked wall in the cavern= curtain rather than an individual stalactite
CHARACTERISTICS OF CARBONIFEROUS LIMESTONE LANDSCAPES
What are the characteristics?
What does it look like?
Characteristics:
- tough and resistant
- physically strong
- chemically weak= CaCo3 is slow dissolving due to carbonation
Appearance:
- horizontal joints=bedding planes between the beds of limestone and regularly spaced vertical joints
WHAT ARE THE CHARACTERISTICS CARBONIFEROUS LIMESTONE LANDSCAPES
what do vertical joints promote?
Define the word ‘beds’
Joints promote freeze thaw
Beds=layers
HOW CAN QUARRIES BE RESTORED
Define quarry restoration
V’s for restoration quarrying
QUARRY RESTORATION: restoration/ improving the environmental quality of the quarry either during or after extraction takes place
Drayton North/ South in Chichester Sussex
HOW CAN QUARRIES BE RESTORED
Give details on restoration during and after extraction
BEFORE/ DURING
- hedgerows planted
- reed beds=animal habitats
- Resting boxes
AFTER
- site contoured to create landscape Eg: grass and woodland
- soil added/ loosened so then stones were removed which results in the separation of the land into parcels which established the woodland
- woodland was danced to protect damage by animals
- aquatic plant and footpaths established
