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Geography Physical > Rocks, Resources&Scenery > Flashcards

Rocks, Resources&Scenery Flashcards

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1
Q

ISSUES WITH QUARRYING

what are the uses for quarrying?

A

Building stone
Cement
Like for farming
Aggregate

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2
Q

ISSUES WITH QUARRYING

Define the word Aggregate

A

Crushed stone from tough rock
Eg: Limestone
It is used in construction industry+ road buildings

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3
Q

ISSUES WITH QUARRYING
How many quarry’s are there in the Peak District?
Give a case study+ it’s where about?

A

12

Hope Quarry- Peak District- Castleton

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4
Q

QUARRY+ENVIRONMENT

What actions have been done to Hope Quarry to help maintain the environment?

A

Landscape+tree planting to reduce the visual impact of the quarry
Aim to reduce dust
£15M to help improve transport- railway road rather than roads to reduce traffic
Hope Cement Works produced 1tonne of CO2 per year= 2003- 7,000 trees were planted
Old Quarry-managed as a wetland reserve

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5
Q

WEATHERING
Define Weathering?
Name three types of Weathering?

A

Break up/decay of rocks in their original place at/ close to the earths surface

Mechanical
Chemical
Biological

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6
Q

WEATHERING

Define Mechanical, Physical and Biological Weathering

A

Mechanical: does not involve chemical change.
Break up of rocks without any chemical changes
Results in piles of angular rocks (screw) found at the foot of bare outcrops
Chemical: weathering that involves a chemical change taking place
Biological: involves actions of flora+fauna. Weathering caused my living organisms.

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7
Q

WEATHERING

Name two types of Mechanical and Chemical Weathering and give their definitions

A

Mechanical:
Freeze Thaw: weathering that involves repeated cycle of freezing and thawing
Exfoliation: flaking of the outer layers of rock mainly caused by repeated cycles of hot and cold= onion skin
Chemical:
Solution: dissolving rocks and minerals in rain water
Carbonation: weathering of limestone+chalk by acidic rainwater

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8
Q

WEATHERING

Stages of carbonation

A
  1. Rain water picks up CO2
  2. Rain water becomes a weak carbonic acid.
  3. Acidic rain water reacts with CaCo3 to form Calcium Bicarbonate which then dissolves the chalk+limestone
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9
Q

ROCK CYCLE
Definition of the Rock Cycle?
Can rocks be recycled?
How is igneous Rock recycled?

A

Connections between the three rock types shown in the form of a diagram
Yes they can be recycled
1. Broken down by weathering+transported to the sea as sediment
2. On sea bed the sediment turns into sedimentary rock
3. When uplifted to form a new mountain range sedimentary rock is then put under a lot of pressure
4. Some transports to metamorphic rock
5. Some form magma to then be cooled to form new igneous rock

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10
Q

HOW WERE ROCKS FORMED

3 types of rock+ definitions

A

Igneous: rocks formed from the cooling of molten magma
Sedimentary: commonly rocks formed from the accumulation of sediment on the sea floor
Metamorphic: rocks that have undergone a cb age in their texture as a result of heating/ pressure

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11
Q

HOW ROCKS WERE FORMED

What’s the Geological Timescale?

A

Period of geological time since life became abundant 52M years ago. which then helically divided into eras and periods

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12
Q

HOW ROCKS WERE FORMED

Give the characteristics+examples of the three types of rocks

A

Igneous: composed interlocking crystals=crystalline- tough+resistant to erosion. Example: Basalt= extrusive Granite=intrusive
Sedimentary: forms layers of beds. Contains fossils. Some can be tough Eg: Limestone most are weaker than igneous/metamorphic
Example: Sandstone- Limestone (Chalk is a form of Limestone)
Metamorphic: crystalline, exhibit layering (no beds) leaving cleavage and banding. Tough+Resistant
Example: Slate and Gneiss

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13
Q

WHAT ARE THE CHARACTERISTICS OF GRANITE

what’s intrusive and extrusive?

A

Intrusive: on ground
Extrusive: by volcanic activity

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14
Q

CHARACTERISTICS OF GRANITE

What type of rock is granite+ give its characteristics?

A

Intrusive igneous impermeable rock

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15
Q

CHARACTERISTICS OF GRANITE

What is a Batholith?

A

Huge irregular shaped mass of intrusive igneous rock that only reaches the ground surface when the overlying rocks are removed

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16
Q

CHARACTERISTICS OF GRANITE
Case Study for a granite landform?
Three minerals that granite contains?

A

Dartmoor
Pink feldspar
Black Mica
Grey colours Quartz

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17
Q

CHARACTERISTICS OF GRANITE
What is feldspar?
What does granite contain?

A

Feldspar: mineral that is vulnerable to chemical weathering+ decays to form white clay Eg: China
Granite contains horizontal vertical joints

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18
Q

CHARACTERISTICS OF GRANITE
Define Joints
What type of weathering takes place in Batholiths?

A

Joints: cracks that may run vertically/ horizontally through rocks

Mechanical: freeze thaw+ exfoliation

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19
Q

CHARACTERISTICS OF GRANITE
As granite is impermeable what happens to granites landscape?
What does the environment look like around granite landscapes?

A 
Wet and marshy with plenty rivers 
Environment: 
-windswept and bleak
- heavy rainfall/snow in winter 
- low grasses 
- stunted trees=mostly cover moors+they deeply dissect rivers
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20
Q

CHARACTERISTICS OF GRANITE

Features of a Granite Landscape?

A

V-Shaped Valleys
-valley sides= steep
Land is at a high altitude as the granite is resistant
Flat topped moor land.

On a map: contour lines close tog as the valley sides are steep

21
Q

ISSUES WITH QUARRYING

What rock is made out from quarrying?

A

Limestone

22
Q

GRANITE LANDFORMS

What is the most distinctive granite landform and give its definition?

A

Tor- isolated outcrop of rock on a hilltop, typically found in a granite landscape

23
Q

GRANITE LANDFORMS
Where are tors located?
Who came up with a theory of how tors were formed+ the year?
How are tors formed?

A

Hill tops
Linton 1955
1. Granite becomes exposed on the surface due to an ice age
2. Erosion+Mass Movement (slumping) removed broken up granite
3. Leaving behind unweathered jointed granite
TOR

24
Q

USES FOR ROCKS
Name a use for rocks
Give its definition+ a Case study
What do the rocks underneath London form? +give its definition

A

Aguirre: an underground reservoir of water sprees in pores/ joints in rock
EG: CHALK
London Basin Chalk Aquifer

Basin called a Syncline
- the lower arc of the fold in fold mountains

25
Q

WHAT ARE THE USES FOR ROCKS

name 4 types of rock

A

Granite
Chalk
Clay
Limestone

26
Q

WHAT ARE THE USES FOR ROCKS

Define Cement

A

Mostar used in building- crushed limestone and shale

27
Q

WHAT ARE THE USES FOR ROCKS

Name 4 things that include why rocks are useful

A

Resource for Extraction
Farming
Water supply
Scenery

28
Q 
WHAT ARE THE USES FOR ROCKS
Using 
Recourse for Extraction 
Farming 
Watery Supply 
And Scenery 
Explain why GRANITE is useful for these factors
A

Resource for Extraction
- building stone- used for kitchens
-used to have vulnerable veins of time and other metals
Kaolin originated as granite (China clay)
Farming
- extensive sheep farming= granite forms upland areas
Water Supply
- impermeable rock = reservoirs produced
Scenery
-bleak and windswept
-wild and attractive moorlands= good for outdoor activity Eg: mountain walking
-water sports on the reservoirs

29
Q 
WHAT ARE THE USES FOR ROCKS
Using 
Recourse for Extraction 
Farming 
Watery Supply 
And Scenery 
Explain why CHALK is useful for these factors
A 
Resource for Extraction 
- quarried for cement 
-source of lime for farming=neutralised acidic soils 
Farming 
- fertile soil for sheep 
-arable crops= wheat and barely
Water Supply 
- Aquifers 
Scenery 
- rolling hills= wildlife, flowers, birds 
-horse riding and walking
30
Q 
WHAT ARE THE USES FOR ROCKS
Using 
Recourse for Extraction 
Farming 
Watery Supply 
And Scenery 
Explain why CLAY is useful for these factors
A 
Recourse for Extraction
- making bricks and pottery
Farming
- fertile soil but can become water logged 
-sheep and dairy cattle 
Water Supply 
- impermeable rock= some reservoirs but as it is flat land it's not ideal 
Scenery
- featureless not attractive
31
Q 
WHAT ARE THE USES FOR ROCKS
Using 
Recourse for Extraction 
Farming 
Watery Supply 
And Scenery 
Explain why CARBONIFEROUS LIMESTONE is useful for these factors
A 
Recourse for extraction
- quarried into cement 
-lime for farming 
- building stone 
-popular stone for gardens 
Farming
- thin, upland soils= sheep grazing 
Water Supply 
- spring water out of the limestone can be a source of water 
Scenery 
- attraction=popular to tourist 
-national parks Eg: PEAK DISTRICT 
-mountain biking, walking, climbing
32
Q

LIMESTONE SCENERY
Case study for limestone scenery
What are the tourist attractions there?
How does it benefit and not benefit the case study?

A 
Yorkshire Dales 
Long footpaths= Pennine Way
Nature= birds 
Torus My= climbing, mountain biking etc..
BENEFITS 
-Economically= shops, cafes, hotels etc.. 
-Employment= locals 
-Local Crafts= farms 
DISADVANTAGES 
-traffic and pollution 
-litter=harmful to wildlife 
-cost of local shops are priced higher including housing which is bad for locals
33
Q

CHALK AND CLAY LANDSCAPES
What type of rock are chalk+ clay + why?
Characteristics of them both

A

Sedimentary- formed under the sea and uplifted by volcanic activity to form land
Chalk: permeable rock
-forms springs with Limestone with CaCo3
-vulnerable to freeze thaw
Clay:
-weak
-impermeable
-rivers easily erode clay
-forms low as its flat on the ground with vales

34
Q

CHALK AND CLAY LANDSCAPES

Why is chalk permeable

A

It’s heavily jointed and porous
Rain water soaks through the pores until it reaches the water table
Water stored reaches the ground to from springs

35
Q

CHALK AND CLAY LANDSCAPES
Define water table and springs
Where do springs normally occur?

A

Water Table
- upper surface or underground water
Spring
- water re-emerging from rock to ground surface
Occur: springlike, at the base of a scarp slope

36
Q

CHALK AND CLAY LANDSCAPES
Define Vales
How is chalk and Clay exposed on the ground and why?

A

In the landscape a flat plain which is formed on clay

Exposed on an angle and folded by tectonic activity

37
Q 
DEFINITIONS FOR CHALK AND CLAY 
Porosity 
Are these rocks porous or not and are the permeable or impermeable? 
Granite 
Chalk
Clay
Carboniferous Limestone
A

Porosity: % or pore spaces in rock
Granite: impermeable and non porous
Chalk: permeable and porous
Clay: impermeable can be porous/ water logged
Carboniferous Limestone: permeable and non porous

38
Q

CARBONIFEROUS LIMESTONE LANDSCAPES

Describe CLL’s+ what are there features

A
  • high ground

- exposed of bare rock and steep sides valleys or gorges

39
Q

CARBONIFEROUS LIMESTONE LANDSCAPES
Define a gorge
When weathering happens in the CLL what happens to the ground
Locate a limestone landscape

A

Gorge: steep sided deep valley that may be formed when a cavern collapses

Weathering produces thin soils that support the grass so this results in

  • grazing sheep
  • some isolated trees

MALHAM YORKSHIRE

40
Q

CARBONIFEROUS LIMESTONE LANDSCAPES
Surface features of CLL
+ give definitions

A

LIMESTONE PAVEMENT: bare rocky surface, with distinct blocks called Clints and enlarged joints called Grikes.
SWALLOW HOLE: enlarged joints into which water flows
DRY VALLEY: valley formed by rivers during water periods in the past Eg: ice age but now there is no river present

41
Q

CARBONIFEROUS LIMESTONE LANDSCAPES
After an ice age water tables can be high, what could be found? And then what does this result in?
Define the word and what is found in them

A

Gorges can be found which results in underwater caverns
Caverns: large underground cave
- springs and resurgence are found in caverns

42
Q

CARBONIFEROUS LIMESTONE LANDSCAPES
Define resurgences
Where they occur

A

Stream that emerges from underground occur from small caverns

43
Q

CARBONIFEROUS LIMESTONE LANDSCAPES
What are the underground features
+ give definitions

A

STALACTITE: icicle calcite feature hangs from roof of cavern
STALAGMITE: a stump calcite feature on cavern floor
Pillar: when calcite feature stretches from floor to ceiling of the cavern
Curtains: broad deposit of calcite usually formed when water emerges along the crack in the cavern

44
Q

CARBONIFEROUS LIMESTONE LANDSCAPES

  1. How are Stalactites and Stalagmites formed?
  2. What happens when Calcite stretched from floor to ceiling?
  3. How are curtains formed?
A

1.STALACTITE: rich CaCo3 from the cave and the caverns drop from the ceiling and it leaves a deplete on calcite and then when it evaporates it forms a stalactite
STALAGMITE: CaCo3 drips on the floor and the deposits of calcite has the splatter effect which then stalagmites are formed but they are formed shorter and stumpier

  1. Pilar is formed
  2. CURTAINS: calcite can be deposited over wider surface where water flows over a rock face or many drops occur over a cracked wall in the cavern= curtain rather than an individual stalactite
45
Q

CHARACTERISTICS OF CARBONIFEROUS LIMESTONE LANDSCAPES
What are the characteristics?
What does it look like?

A

Characteristics:

  • tough and resistant
  • physically strong
  • chemically weak= CaCo3 is slow dissolving due to carbonation

Appearance:
- horizontal joints=bedding planes between the beds of limestone and regularly spaced vertical joints

46
Q

WHAT ARE THE CHARACTERISTICS CARBONIFEROUS LIMESTONE LANDSCAPES
what do vertical joints promote?
Define the word ‘beds’

A

Joints promote freeze thaw

Beds=layers

47
Q

HOW CAN QUARRIES BE RESTORED
Define quarry restoration
V’s for restoration quarrying

A

QUARRY RESTORATION: restoration/ improving the environmental quality of the quarry either during or after extraction takes place

Drayton North/ South in Chichester Sussex

48
Q

HOW CAN QUARRIES BE RESTORED

Give details on restoration during and after extraction

A

BEFORE/ DURING

  • hedgerows planted
  • reed beds=animal habitats
  • Resting boxes

AFTER

  • site contoured to create landscape Eg: grass and woodland
  • soil added/ loosened so then stones were removed which results in the separation of the land into parcels which established the woodland
  • woodland was danced to protect damage by animals
  • aquatic plant and footpaths established

Geography Physical (3 decks)

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