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AQA Physical Geography > Rocks, resources and scenery > Flashcards

Rocks, resources and scenery Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the geological time scale?

A

The period of geological time since life became abundant 542 million years ago, which geologists have divided into eras and periods.

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2
Q

What is the position of granite on the geological time scale? 3

A
  • 280 million years ago
  • Permian period
  • late Palaeozoic era
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3
Q

What is the position of Carboniferous limestone on the geological time scale? 3

A
  • 340 million years ago
  • Carboniferous period
  • late Palaeozoic era
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4
Q

What is the position of chalk on the geological time scale? 3

A
  • 65-145 million years ago
  • Cretaceous period
  • Mesozoic era
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5
Q

What is the position of clay on the geological time scale?

A

Formed on many occasions throughout geological time but especially during the Jurassic, Cretaceous and Tertiary periods.

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6
Q

What are the characteristics of igneous rock? 3

A
  • composed by interlocking crystals
  • generally tough
  • resistant to erosion
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7
Q

What is the formation of igneous rock?

A

Cooling of molten magma either intrusively or extrusively by volcanic activity.

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8
Q

What are the characteristics of sedimentary rock? 3

A
  • form layers called beds
  • contain fossils
  • most are weaker than igneous and metamorphic
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9
Q

What is the formation of metamorphic rock?

A

The alteration of pre-existing igneous, sedimentary or metamorphic rock by heat and/or pressure.

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10
Q

What are the characteristics of metamorphic rock? 5

A
  • crystalline
  • exhibit layering
  • exhibit banding
  • tend to be tough
  • resistant to erosion
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11
Q

What is granite?

A

An intrusive igneous rock that was formed deep underground.

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12
Q

What are chalk and clay examples of?

A

Sedimentary rock that was formed under the sea and then uplifted by tectonic activity.

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13
Q

What is Carboniferous limestone?

A

A sedimentary rock and was formed by the accumulation of calcium carbonate in warm tropical seas.

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14
Q

What is weathering?

A

The disintegration or decay of rocks in their original place or close to the ground surface.

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15
Q

What is mechanical weathering?

A

Involves the disintegration of rocks without any chemical changes taking place.

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16
Q

What is freeze-thaw weathering? 6

A
  1. Starts with liquid water collecting in pores in a rock.
  2. At night, the water freezes and expands.
  3. The expansion causes stresses within the rock, widening any cracks.
  4. When the temperature rises and the ice thaws, the water seeps deeper into the rock.
  5. After repeated cycles, fragments of rock may become detached and fall to the foot of the slope to collect as scree.
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17
Q

What is chemical weathering?

A

Weathering that involves a chemical change taking place.

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18
Q

What is biological weathering?

A

Weathering caused by living organisms such as tree roots or burrowing animals.

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19
Q

What is exfoliation? 3

A
  1. As the rock warms it expands and as it cools it contracts.
  2. Repeated cycles lead to the outer skin peeling away from the rest of the rock.
  3. Presence of water is important as it weakens the rock, making it more vulnerable to flaking.
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20
Q

What is solution?

A

Some minerals and rocks dissolve in rainwater.

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21
Q

What is carbonation? 3

A
  1. Rainwater picks up CO2 from the air.
  2. Rainwater becomes weak carbonic acid.
  3. Acidic rainwater reacts with CaCO3 to form calcium bicarbonate, which then dissolves.
22
Q

What is a tor?

A

Isolated outcrop of rock.

23
Q

What is the formation of a tor? 4

A
  1. Release of pressure causes deep horizontal cracks.
  2. Deep chemical weathering under warm + wet conditions.
  3. Weathered granite removed by surface processes to leave the tor exposed.
24
Q

What is an escarpment/cuesta?

A

An outcrop of chalk comprising a steep scarp slope and a more gentle dip slope.

25
Q

What is a vale?

A

A flat plain.

26
Q

What is a dry valley?

A

A valley formed by a river during a wetter period in the past but now without a river.

27
Q

What is a spring line?

A

Water re-emerging from the rock onto the ground surface. They occur as a line of springs at the base of a scarp slope.

28
Q

Why are granite landscapes often moorland?

A

Because granite is an impermeable rock.

29
Q

Can you describe granite landscapes? 7

A
  • bleak
  • wet
  • windswept
  • heavy rainfall
  • snow in winter
  • low grasses with a few stunted trees
  • deeply dissected by rivers
30
Q

What is a limestone pavement?

A

Bare rocky surfaces.

31
Q

What causes the limestone pavement to be relatively smooth?

A

Chemical weathering.

32
Q

Where does water flowing over adjacent impermeable rocks disappear down?

A

Swallow holes.

33
Q

Where are swallow holes found?

A

In the intersection of the joints.

34
Q

How were dry valleys formed?

A

Most were formed by meltwater at the end of the last ice advance, when some of the limestone was still frozen and impermeable and water tables were much higher than today.

35
Q

How does a stalactite form?

A

When water, rich in calcium carbonate, drops from the roofs of caverns it leaves a minute deposit of calcite as it evaporates. Over hundred and thousands of years and icicle-like stalactite hangs from the roof.

36
Q

How does a stalagmite form?

A

The drips on the floor of the cavern also deposit calcite but the resultant is shorter and stubbier.

37
Q

How is a pillar formed?

A

When a stalactite and stalagmite join together.

38
Q

How is a curtain formed?

A

When calcite is deposited over a wider surface where water flows over a rock face or drips occur in many places along a crack in the wall.

39
Q

Can you give case study details about Dartmoor? 7

A
  • farming has been the main land use over the last 5,000 years
  • over 90% of land is farmed
  • half of the land is open moorland
  • moorland is used for grazing livestock
  • designated as ESA
  • farmers enter management agreements to carry out agricultural practises
  • farmers are paid to maintain stone walls and hedgerows
40
Q

What is an aquifer?

A

An underground reservoir of water stored in pores and/or joints in a rock.

41
Q

What do the rocks underneath London form?

A

A basin called a syncline.

42
Q

What is the London aquifer carefully managed by?

A

Environmental Agency to ensure that its use is sustainable.

43
Q

How do the Yorkshire Dales offer many opportunities for leisure and recreation? 5

A
  • footpaths
  • birds and wild flowers
  • climbing
  • mountain biking
  • caving
44
Q

What is a honeypot site?

A

An area which is a particular focus for tourism.

45
Q

What are the positive impacts of tourism in the Yorkshire Dales? 3

A
  • brings money into area
  • locals benefit from employment
  • local craft industries benefit
46
Q

What are the negative impacts of tourism in the Yorkshire Dales? 5

A
  • traffic jams cause additional pollution
  • people leave litter which spoils area and harms wildlife
  • farm gates left open which worries animals
  • shop prices may be higher as people cash in on tourists
  • house prices higher as demand for holiday homes
47
Q

What are the social advantages of Hope Quarry? 2

A
  • closer jobs = less commuting

* improved roads as £50 million spent on reducing heavy traffic impact

48
Q

What are the social disadvantages of Hope Quarry? 3

A
  • heavy traffic along normally quiet roads creates nose and dust on houses
  • extracting rocks creates noise and dust
  • eyesore on the landscape that is hard to cover up.
49
Q

What are the environmental disadvantages? 2

A
  • eyesore on the landscape that is hard to cover up

* destroys animals habitats and creates loud noises scaring animals

50
Q

What are the economic disadvantages of Hope Quarry? 2

A
  • loss of agriculture

* high transport costs as it is far from the markets

51
Q

What are the economic advantages of Hope Quarry? 2

A
  • provides 182 jobs

* multiplier effect

AQA Physical Geography (3 decks)

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