Rocks, Resources And Scenery

Question 1

In what periods were limestone, granite, chalk and clay formed?

Answer 1

Limestone - Carboniferous
Granite - Permian
Chalk - Cretaceous/Tertiary
Clay - Jurassic to Quaternary

Question 2

How are sedimentary rocks formed?

Answer 2

Formed when sediment is deposited in layers on the bottom of a lake or sea. As more layers are deposited, the layers are compressed.

Question 3

What are the characteristics of a sedimentary rock?

Answer 3

Layered
Lines of weakness in between layers
Permeable
Easily eroded

Question 4

What are examples of sedimentary rock?

Answer 4

Limestone, chalk, clay, sandstone

Question 5

How are igneous rocks formed?

Answer 5

Formed from cooled magma either inside the earth or that’s erupted out of volcanoes.

Question 6

What are the characteristics of an igneous rock?

Answer 6

Has crystals
Hard
Difficult to erode
Impermeable

Question 7

What are examples of igneous rocks?

Answer 7

Granite, dolerite, basalt and andesite

Question 8

What is the Geological Time Scale split into?

Answer 8

Eons
Eras
Periods

Question 9

How are metamorphic rocks formed?

Answer 9

Formed when either an igneous or sedimentary rock changes due to head or pressure. Happens at destructive plate boundaries and fault lines.

Question 10

What are the characteristics of metamorphic rocks?

Answer 10

Hard
Don’t get eroded or weathered much
Have crystals
Impermeable

Question 11

What are examples of metamorphic rocks?

Answer 11

Marble, schist

Question 12

What is weathering?

Answer 12

The breaking down of rocks in-situ.

Question 13

What is abrasion?

Answer 13

The collision of Earth material.

Question 14

What happens in chemical weathering?

Answer 14

Carbonation - where carbonic acid present is rainwater reacts with rocks such as Carboniferous limestone and dissolve them.
Solution - when water itself dissolves the rock.

Question 15

What happens in mechanical weathering?

Answer 15

Freeze-thaw - when water gets into joints, freezes to ice and expands - pushing rocks apart and widens the crack which breaks the rock.
Exfoliation - repeated heating and cooling causes the outer layers of rocks to expand, contract and peel of like the layers of an onion.

Question 16

What happens in biological weathering?

Answer 16

Weathering caused by plants or animals e.g. roots force themselves into cracks in rocks and widen them or animals burrow into weak rocks.

Question 17

What uses does granite landscapes have?

Answer 17

When extracted - building stone, contains veins of copper and tin
In-situ - grazing animals, tourism

Question 18

Why is it harder to make a living as a Pastoral farmer on Dartmoor (granite landscape)?

Answer 18

Feed, fuel and bedding are expensive.
EU is less generous
Farmers can’t get a good price for their meat because supermarkets sell meat cheaply

Question 19

What can Pastoral farmers on Dartmoor (granite landscape) do to make making a living easier?

Answer 19

Sell meat directly to the public through farm shops.
Specialise in rare breeds that might command a higher price.
Get help to organise a specialist sheep sale.
Employ an apprentice who wouldn’t have to be paid a “proper wage” and train him up.
Diversify - let people camp on his land, turn his barns into holiday accommodation etc.

Question 20

How can limestone be used?

Answer 20

Extracted - cement, build walls, agriculture/industry

In-situ - tourism

Question 21

What are the advantages of tourism in the Yorkshire Dales (limestone landscape)?

Answer 21

Jobs for locals
Income for local economy
Preserves rural services - buses, village shops & post offices
Increased demand for local produce

Question 22

What are the disadvantages of tourism in the Yorkshire Dales (limestone landscape)?

Answer 22

Pressure to conserve habitats and wildlife
Damage
Traffic
Local goods can become expensive because tourists will pay more
Shops stock products for tourists, not locals
Homes too expensive due to holiday home demand
Jobs are mainly seasonal, low paid with long hours
Jobs don’t go to locals
Locals can’t afford tourist facilities
Discos, bars etc. spoil local way of life
Money raised goes out of area

Question 23

What are the advantages of quarrying in the Yorkshire Dales (limestone landscape)?

Answer 23

Creating jobs where few exist
Permanent jobs - many are seasonal elsewhere
Creates work for others - maintenance, logistics (multiplier effect)
Income from selling mined rock

Question 24

What are the disadvantages of quarrying in the Yorkshire Dales (limestone landscape)?

Answer 24

Noise pollution
Eye sore
Employees health at risk

Question 25

How do you reduce the negative environmental impact of quarrying?

Answer 25

Control amount of dust produced
Restrict lorry movement
Limit use of explosives
Ensure quarrying companies take environmental responsibilities seriously
Block view of quarry with trees

Question 26

What can quarries turn into after they no longer need to be used?

Answer 26

Cotswold water park
Fishing
Nature reserves
Sailing, windsurfing and waterskiing

Question 27

Where is chalk in the UK? What use is it to farmers and tourists? What do we use it for if its extracted?

Answer 27

London and the Home Counties, also in East Anglia.
Farmers - Wheat and barley; some grazing
Tourists - forms rolling hills tourists and horses like
Makes plaster, putty, cement and mortor

Question 28

Where is clay in the UK? What use is it to farmers and tourists? What do we use it for if its extracted?

Answer 28

London and the Home Counties, also in East Anglia
Farmers - Great for crops; rich grass can grow here
Tourists - flat, featureless and boggy - no tourists
Makes pottery, paper and bricks

Question 29

The rock cycle

Answer 29

1. Weathering creates sediment.
2. This makes erosion easier.
3. Re sediment is transported away and deposited on the sea bed.
4. Sediment is compacted on the sea bed to form sedimentary rocks.
5. Heat and pressure creates any rock type to new metamorphic rock.
6. Melting of any rocks type creates magma which forms igneous rock when it’s cooled.

Question 30

How is a granite landscape formed?

Answer 30

1. Granite has joints which are unevenly spread.
2. Freeze-thaw and chemical weathering wear down parts of the rock with lots of joints faster because there’s more cracks for water to get into.
3. Sections with fewer joints weather more slowly and stick out to form tors.
4. Granite is also impermeable.
5. This creates moorlands.

Question 31

How is a clay and chalk landscape formed?

Answer 31

1. Horizontal layers of chalk and clay are sometimes tilted diagonally by earth movement.
2. Clay is less resistant that chalk so erodes faster.
3. Chalk sticks out forming escarpments. Where the clay has been eroded it forms vales.
4. Escarpments have a steep slope (scarp slope) on one end and a gentle slope (dip slope) on the other.
5. Chalk is an aquifer.
6. Water flows through chalk and emerges where the chalk meets impermeable rock (clay). Where the water emerges is called a spring line.
7. Areas of chalk have dry valleys.

Question 32

How’s a limestone landscape formed?

Answer 32

1. Limestone pavements are flats areas with blocks separates by weathered down joints.
2. Swallow holes are weathered holes.
3. Caverns form where the limestone has been deeply weathered.
4. Limestone gorges are formed when caverns collapse.
5. Limestone is permeable so the landscape also has dry valleys and resurgent rivers.
6. Water seeping through limestone contains dissolved minerals. When water drips the the cavern, the minerals solidify and build up to create stalactites and stalagmites.
   When a stalactite and stalagmite meet in the middle they form a pillar. When water flows in as a sheet a curtain builds up.