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Physical Geography - Geology > Rocks - Minerals > Flashcards

Rocks - Minerals Flashcards

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1
Q

Minerals

A

Inorganic crystalline structures formed by geological processes with a definable chemical composition.

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2
Q

Example of a mineral…

A

Biotite or K(Mg,Fe)3 AlSi3O10/(F,OH)2

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3
Q

Crystals

A

These are single, continous pieces of a crystalline solid bounded by crystal faces, naturally growing as the mineral forms.

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4
Q

Stenos Law

A

Says that the angles between two corresponding faces on the crystals of any soild chemical or mineral are constant and characterisitc of the species.

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5
Q

What determines minerals physical properties?

A

The identity of packed elements and their bonding stsructure.

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6
Q

What determines a minerals integrity?

A

Type of bonds and ease of bond breakage.

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7
Q

Examples of crystals

A

Halite
Diamond
Graphite

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8
Q

Halite

A

Rock salt is composed of Na and Cl, forming a cube.

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9
Q

Graphite

A

A diamond polymorph being carbon-based but sheet like in appearnace

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10
Q

What influences crystals structurual geometry?

A

Ion size, anions being larger.

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11
Q

What are the ways minerals can form?

A

Solidificaiton(ICE)
Precipitation from a solution
Solid-state diffsuion
Biomineralization
Gaseous precipitation

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12
Q

How do garnets form?

A

Metamorphosis of sedimentary rock with high Al, like shale of bauxite

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13
Q

What is required first for mineral formation?

A

Homogenous nucleation

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14
Q

Homogenous Nucleation

A

Formation of nuclei of solid particles within mollten metal occuring without a pre-existing nucleation site

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15
Q

How does liquid solidifcation form a mineral?

A

Atomic attachment to the seed occurs when thermal vibrations are slow enough that they cannot break from the bonding constraints.

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16
Q

How does solution precipitaiton form crystasl?

A

Ion saturation of the solution, where ions per unit volume becomes so great the ions may get close enough to bind

17
Q

What is mineral growth determined by?

A

Internal geometry, relative dimensions of the crystal, angles between crystal faces

18
Q

Types of crystal structure…

A

Anhedral
Eudhedral

19
Q

Geodes

A

Hollow rocks lined with an inside layer of sparkling crystals

20
Q

What are the ways of identifying minerals…

A

Colour
Scraping
Luster
Robustness
Specific gravity
Crystal habit

21
Q

Luster

A

Describes the way light interacts with the surface of a crystal, related to its transparency and reflection of light.

22
Q

Mohs Hardness Rule

A

This measures the resistance of a mienalr to scratching, depending on interior bonds.

23
Q

Specific Gravity

A

This is the ratio of density of a sold of a material to density of water at 4C

24
Q

Crystal Habit

A

Describes the geometric appearnce of a crystal which could be striated, tabular, acicular, determined by lenght, width and numbers of crystal faces.

25
Q

What are the types of mineral?

A

Silicates
Oxides
Sulfides
Sulfates
Halides
Carbonates
Native Metals

26
Q

Silicates

A

Characterised by primarily SiO4, a tetahedral silicon cation surrounding by 4 oxygen.

27
Q

Oxides

A

Metal cations bonded to oxygen anions, like hematite and magnetite

28
Q

Ferromagnetic

A

This is containign of electrons in unfilled shells having a permanent magnetic moment in the absence of an external field.

29
Q

Sulfides

A

These are metal cations bonded to sulfide aniones, like galena and pyrite.

30
Q

Sulfates

A

Metal cation bounded by a SO4^2 anion, formed by precipitaiton out of water.

31
Q

Halides

A

These are halogen ions.

32
Q

Halogen

A

Reactive elements consisting of diatomic molecules being the second column from the left.

33
Q

Carbonates

A

This is the binding of carbonate anions bound to elements like Ca and Mg

34
Q

What are the types of silicate?

A

Independent tetrahedra
Single chains
Double chains
Sheet silicates
Framework silicates

35
Q

How are silicates classified>

A

Based on the 3D structure of how tetrahedral arrange relative to one another.

36
Q

Amphiboles

A

Complex mineral assemblages with variable composiitons, occuring predominantely in metamorphic and igenous rocks.

37
Q

Framework Silicates

A

All four oxygen atoms shared, forming a 3D structure like quartz and feldspars.

Physical Geography - Geology (6 decks)

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