Rocks and Uk physical landscape Flashcards
What are the 3 types of rock
Igneous, metamorphic and sedimentary
How are igneous rocks formed
When … rock (m…) from the mantle c…. and hardens
When molten rock (magma) from the mantle cools and hardens
Examples of igneous rock
Granite, basalt
How is sedimentary rock formed
Layers of s… are compacted together until they become s… rock
Layers of sediment are compacted together until they become solid rock
Examples of sedimentary rock
Sandstone, chalk
How is metamorphic rock formed
When other … are changed by immense … and …
When other rocks are changed by immense heat and pressure
Examples of metamorphic rock
Slate, marble
Features of igneous rock
Forms intrusive and extrusive crystals, hard, no fossils form
Features of sedimentary rock
Have layers, softer, no crystals, fossils
Features of metamorphic rock
Very hard, no fossils, crystals
What is the earths crust divided into
Tectonic plates
3 main ways tectonic plates have shaped the landscape of the uk
- Active volcanoes
- Plate collisions
- Plate movements
What happens during volcanic eruptions
… is forced through the earths … which cools to form … rock
Magma is forced through the earths crust which cools to form igneous rock
What happens during plate collisions
-Rocks become fo…. and uplifted forming …. ranges
-the intense … and … forms hard … rock
-Rocks become folded and uplifted forming mountain ranges
-the intense heat and pressure forms hard metamorphic rock
How have plate movements changed the UKs position
-hundreds of … of years ago Britain was in the tr… and was partly … where Carboniferous l… formed in warm Sh… seas
—>seen in u…
-chalks and cl… are the youngest and formed in Sh… seas and swamps
—>found in l…
-hundreds of millions of years ago Britain was in the tropics and was partly underwater where Carboniferous limestone formed in warm shallow seas
—>seen in uplands
-chalks and clays are the youngest and formed in shallow seas and swamps
—>found in lowlands
Uplands are formed from ….
Lowlands are formed from ….
Hard rock
Soft rock
What landscapes does granite form and how
-… landscapes
-lots of j… (cracks) where the rock wears down …
-areas with …. joints are weathered …. sticking out
-granite is im… creating moorlands (large areas of wa…. land and acidic soil with little v….)
-upland landscapes
-lots of joints (cracks) where the rock wears down faster
-areas with less joints are weathered slower sticking out
-granite is impermeable creating moorlands (large areas of waterlogged land and acidic soil with little vegetation)
What landscapes does basalt form and how
-forms escarpments, u… and cl…
-is im…..
-lava …. forming columns, cr…. between these columns is eroded by gla…. and the s… forming steps
-forms escarpments, uplands and cliffs
-is impermeable
-lava cools forming columns, cracks between these columns is eroded by glaciation and the sea forming steps
What landscapes does chalk form and how
-forms hills, l… and cL…
-is permeable, so w… can flow … it
-a spring emerges when met with … rock
-forms hills, lowlands and cliffs
-is permeable, so water can flow through it
-a spring emerges when met with impermeable rock
What landscapes does sandstone form and how
- can be hard or …
-… sandstone forms lowland landscapes
-… sandstone forms … landscapes
-is p…. (has small gaps in it’ so can store w… in underground a….)
- can be hard or soft
-soft sandstone forms lowland landscapes
-hard sandstone forms upland landscapes
-is porous (has small gaps in it’ so can store water in underground aquifers
What landscapes does slate and schist form and why
-slate forms in l… creating w… planes in the rock
-very … and resistant but is easily split into thin sl…
-schist forms big cr… and also splits easily into flakes
-they both form rugged …. landscapes
-are … leading to waterlogged and … soils
-slate forms in layers creating weak planes in the rock
-very hard and resistant but is easily split into thin slabs
-schist forms bug crystals and also splits easily into flakes
-they both form rugged upland landscapes
-are impermeable leading to waterlogged and acidic soils
How have humans changed the landscape
-agriculture
-forestry
-settlement
How has agriculture changed the landscape
-people have cleared land to make space for farming
-landscapes have adapted to different types of farming
How has forestry changed the landscape
-… is used for …, recreation or …
-… used to be … in … woodland, now there is … left
-… forests have been … for …
-when these … are … (cut down) the … is left …, which affects … leading to more …
-woodland is used for timber, recreation or conservation
-Uk used to be covered in deciduous woodland, now there is little left
-coniferous forests have been planted for timber
-when these forests are felled (cut down) the land is left bare, which affects drainage leading to more erosion
