Rocks and Minerals Flashcards
1
Q
List Three types of rocks
A
- Igneous rocks
- Sedimentary rocks
- Metamorphic rocks
2
Q
What is a rock?
A
A rock is composed of one or more minerals or mineraloids, such as volcanic glass or organic matter. They are naturally occurring
3
Q
What process has to be done for a rock to be naturally occurring ?
A
Has to be formed in a Natural Geological Process.
4
Q
________ rocks originate from Milton rocks (magma).
A
Igneous
5
Q
What is Molten?
A
Magma
6
Q
Once magma reaches the surface of earth it is called _______.
A
lava
7
Q
When Lava cools and solidifies, _______ rocks are formed
A
Igneous
8
Q
Sedimentary rocks are made over _______ of years.
A
Millions
9
Q
________ rocks are broken and eroded over time, transported by water and ice, then broken into Little Rock’s known as sediments.
A
Igneous
10
Q
What is sediments ?
A
Small broken down pieces of igneous rocks
11
Q
Sediments are packed and consolidated, and eventually they form ____________ rocks.
A
Sedimentary
12
Q
________ and __________ rocks burry deep within the earths crust. Then subjected to heat and pressure. In result there is a change in their texture, shape and chemical makeup. Forming ___________ rocks.
A
Igneous and sedimentary.
Metamorphic
13
Q
What is a metamorphic rock?
A
Metamorphic rocks are made up of igneous and sedimentary rocks that were buried under ground, subject to heat and pressure causing chemical change, texture and shape changes. Making metamorphic rocks.
14
Q
What are they two types of igneous rocks ??
A
Extrusive and intrusive
15
Q
What is another name for Extrusive Igneous rocks ?
A
Volcanic Igneous Rocks
16
Q
What is another word for Intrusive Igneous Rocks ??
A
Plutonic Igneous Rocks
17
Q
Extrusive Igneous rocks cool ________
A
Quickly / fast
18
Q
Intrusive Igneous Rocks cool ________
A
Slowly
19
Q
________ rocks form closer to the earths surface
A
Extrusive
20
Q
________ rocks form deep within the earths crust
A
Intrusive
21
Q
Magma that cools slowly makes __________ _______
A
Igneous rocks
22
Q
Lava that cools quickly forms __________ _______
A
Extrusive rocks
23
Q
Intrusive Igneous rocks cool slowly. Therefore these rocks are _______ grained. (Forming crystals)
A
Coarse
24
Q
Extrusive Igneous rocks cool quickly. Resulting in _____ grained texture. (Little to no crystals)
A
Fine
25
Define Rock Texture
The shape and arrangement of mineral grains or other constituents
26
What are the FOUR texture groups of rocks?
* Crystalline
* Glassy
* Vesicular
* Fragmental
27
_________ texture has interlocking crystals known as grains
Crystalline
28
_________ texture contains glass
Glassy
29
_________ texture has vesicles (holes)
Vesicular
30
___________ texture is made of rock fragments
Fragmental
31
_________ _______ looks at grain or crystal size, which is determined by the rate of cooling and viscosity
Crystalline texture
32
Crystalline texture looks at the gain or crystal size which is determined by the rate of ________ and _________
Cooling and viscosity
33
What is viscosity?
Resistance to flow
34
Aphanitic texture is also known as ?
Fine texture
35
Aphanitic texture means ..?
Not visible, in Latin
36
With _______ ________ you are not able to see grains with your bare eye
Fine texture
37
With _______ _______ you are able to see crystals with your bare eye
Coarse texture
38
What is another name for phaneritic texture ?
Coarse texture
39
Coarse texture is _______ cooling
Slowly
40
Fine texture is _______ cooling
Fast
41
What evidence do we have that magma solidified into intrusive igneous rocks ?
Lab results show slow cooling rate causes larger crystals.
Minerals within intrusive rocks can only be formed under high temperatures and pressure.
This applying that they need to be formed deeply within the earths crust
42
Crystalline texture can be _____ and _____ grained
Fine and coarse
43
Fine grained texture is __________ texture
Crystalline
44
Coarse grained texture is ________ texture
Crystalline
45
Phorphyritic texture is also _______ texture
Crystalline
46
Can a Geologist make Phaneritic Granite in the lab??
NO, because pressure and temperature can be replicated. Although time can NOT be. Rocks take millions of years under heat and pressure to be produced.
47
_________ texture is characterized by rocks containing phenocrysts
Porphyritic
48
What is a phenocryst ?
Larger crystals that are pronounced
49
_______ texture formed when a rock experiences rapid cooling. As a result, atoms are NOT ordered in a 3D crystalline order, and, minerals are NOT present
Glassy
50
An example of glassy texture is ..?
Obsidian
51
______ (volcanic glass) formed from a volcanic eruption. If broken will form a curvature sharp breakage. (Conchoidal fracture)
Obsidian
52
What is a Conchoidal fracture ?
A curvature sharp breakage
53
_______ texture occurs when lava solidifies and gas is bubbling though the lava. As a result the bubbles form holes in the rock (vesicles)
Vesicular
54
Example of a vesicular rock
Basalt rock: Scoria
55
_______ texture: gases trapped inside rocks during volcanic eruptions, fragments of rock blasted
Fragmental
56
Example or FINE Fragmental texture
Tuff is composed of fine grained pyroclast particles dust and ash
57
Example of coarse Fragmental texture
Breccia rock, includes larger volcanic rocks
58
What is pyroclasts ?
Rock particles that were formed from volcanic rock that had trapped gas inside the rock and blasted the rock particles
59
What makes up Felsic?
Magma rich in Silica (SiO2), Aluminum (Al), Potassium (K), and Sodium (Na)
60
Rocks that are made of Felsic Magma are _______ coloured
Light
Ex. Quarts
61
Igneous rocks are also classified by their _____ content
Silica (SiO2)
62
What makes up Mafic?
Magma that is rich in Iron (Fr), Magnesium (Mg), and Calcium (Ca)
63
Mafic Magma gets its name from
Magma rich in Magnesium and Ferro (Iron)
64
Felsic gets its name from
Magma rich in Feldspar and Silica
65
Rocks made of Mafic magma are ______ coloured
Dark
Ex. Hornblende
66
Phaneritic texture is
Coarse Grained
67
Aphanitic Texture is
Fine Grained
68
Granite is ______ grained
Coarse
69
Rhyolite is ______ grained
Fine
70
Diorite is ________ grained
Coarse
71
Andesite is _____ grained
Fine
72
Basalt is _____ grained
Fine
73
Gabbro is ______ grained
Coarse
74
Peridotite is ______ grained
Coarse
75
Granite is an Abundant Plutonic Phaneritic rock. Meaning what?
It is an Intrusive Coarse grained rock.
76
Granites Silica content is approx what %?
69-77%
77
Granite is made up of
Quartz, Orthoclase (KAlSi3O8), Plagioclase, hornblende, and Biotite
78
Granite is made up of many colours. Each colour makes up a _______ _______.
Different mineral
79
What is granite used for in our everyday life
Construction, counter tops , statues
80
Rhyolite is a Aphanitic Extrusive rock meaning what
It is a Fine grained volcanic rock
81
Rhyolite is equivalent to _____ in terms of chemical composition
Granite
82
Granite is a ______ rock
Felsic
83
Rhyolite is a _______ rock
Felsic
84
Rhyolite is commonly _______ coloured
Light
85
Where is Rhyolite used ?
Skyscraper construction, jewelry
86
Obsidian is a _______ coloured volcanic _______
Dark coloured volcanic glass
87
Does Obsidian have a fracture or cleavage
Fracture.
88
What type of fracture does Obsidian have ?
Conchoidal Fracture
89
What is a Conchoidal Fracture?
Curves breakage with sharp edges
90
Obsidian is used for ...?
Arrowheads , scalpels , knives.
91
Obsidian is harder than ______.
Steel.
92
Pumice is a extrusive igneous rock formed by _________ _________.
Volcanic Eruptions
93
Pumice gets its frothy texture from _____ ______ trapped within the lava
Gas bubbles
94
Due to rapid cooling of lava, Pumice has ______ crystalline texture
No
95
Pumice is ______ coloured and _____ weight
Light, light
96
Pumice has no ______ present
Minerals
97
Pumice is used for ..?
Household cleaners, dentist industries, lightweight building materials
98
Basalt is the most _______ volcanic rock
Abundant (extrusive)
99
Basalts silica content is approx
45-52%
100
Basalt is _____ in colour
Dark
101
Vesicular Basalt is formed by what?
Explosive volcanic eruptions, where gas was trapped in the lava and formed vesicles
102
When Basalt vesicles are filled it is called
Amygdales
103
Basalt vesicles are filled by a secondary mineral such as ..?
Quartz or calcite
104
Basalts are used where?
Construction, roads and wind turbines , agriculture for fertilizers, prevents weed growth
105
Gabbro is ____ in colour
Dark
106
Gabbro is an ________ rock
Plutonic (intrusive)
107
Gabbro is a _______ rock with silica
Mafic
108
Silica context of Gabbro is
45-52%
109
Gabbro is equivalent to ______ by chemical composition
Basalts
110
Where is gabbro used?
Construction of buildings and roads, counter tops, floor tiles and sea defence.
111
Andesite is a _______ (volcanic) rock
Extrusive
112
Andesite got its name from
Andes mountains of South America
113
Andesite is a ______, _____ ______ colour
Dark, blueish grey
114
Andesite is a ______ rock with silica content of ..?
Mafic , 52-63%
115
Andesite is used where
Construction of roads and industries
116
Sprite is a ______ and _____ coloured rock
Black and white (salt and pepper)
117
Diorite is equivalent to ________ in chemical composition
Andesite
118
Diorite has a silica cones of ______% (_____ rock)
52-63% , Mafic rock
119
Diorite is used for
construction of roads, and building countertops
120
Igneous rocks get there name from the meaning ..?
Fire rocks
121
Extrusive rocks are also known as
Volcanic rocks
122
Extrusive rocks are ____ grained due to _____ cooling
Fine grained, rapid cooling
123
Extrusive rocks have _____ to __ crystalline
Little to no
124
Intrusive rocks form ______ crystals
Large
125
Intrusive rocks are formed _______. Under the earths surface
Slowly
126
Igneous rocks (_______ rocks) are the _____ rocks to be formed
Primary rocks, first rocks
127
Sedimentary rocks are ______, Unconsolidated mineral particles
Loose
128
sedimentary rocks originate from __________ and _________ of rocks, as well as from precipitation solution
Weathering and erosion
129
Sand sediments make ..?
Sandstone
130
Slit sediments make..?
Slitstone
131
Clay sediments make ..?
Shale or mudstone
132
Rounded boulders form by
Grinding the edges of the rock fragments during transportation of sediments or during weathering
133
Rounded boulders are Large and heavy, they can not move more than ________
1 km
134
Boulders take a lot of energy to move. Therefore usually move during ____ or on _____?
Large floods or on glacier ice
135
Three types of sedimentary rocks
Detrital / Clastic rocks
Chemical rocks
Organic rocks
136
Detrital rocks are formed by
Lithification
137
Chemical rocks are formed as a result of
Precipitation of minerals such as Halite and or calcite
138
Organic rocks example is
Coal
139
Detrital rocks are also known as
Clastic rocks
140
Detrital / Calstic Sedimentary Rocks are composed of
Clasts and cement.
141
What is a clast?
Clasts are broken pieces of rocks, or rock fragments
142
Detrital rocks are classified by
Grain size
143
Grain sizes of classification for detrital rocks
Gravels gain size and mud grain size
144
Gravels grain size includes
Pebbles cobble and boulders greater than 2mm
145
Mud grain size includes
Sand slit and clay greater than 1/256mm and smaller than 2mm
146
What are some common Detrital rocks ?
```
Conglomerate
Breccia
Sandstone
Quartz
Arkose
Graywacke
```
147
Conglomerate
Coarse grained rock with greater grain size than 2mm.
148
Breccia
Coarse grained rock greater than 2mm. Angular fragments. Due to the large size and sharp edges we know that it doesn’t travel far, and didn’t undergo much weathering
149
Sandstone
More than 50% of sandstone is made of round sand sized particles. Composed of mainly quartz. It may display. Bedding layers. If cement of calcite it will fizz in hydrochloride acid
150
Sandstone type quartz
More than 90% of the quartz sandstone is made of quartz. Resistant to chemical weathering.
151
Arkose sandstone
More than 25% of arkose sandstone is made of Feldspar minerals. The remaining particles are made of quartz
152
Geaywacke sandstone
More than 15% of graywacke is made of dark fine grains. Grains including Feldspar and Quartz as well as Volcanic rock
153
Fine grained detrital can be
Shale. Mudstone. Slitstone. Clay stone.
154
Shale has a special property named
Fissility
155
Fissility means
That it splits into thin layers or slit or clay
156
Three chemical sedimentary rocks
Carbonates chert and evaporites
157
Carbonates are common chemical rocks. They include
Limestone and dolostone
158
Chert
Hard rock made of silica. Fine grained.
159
Evaporites are formed
From evaporation of seawater or saline lake
160
Common evaporites include gypsum where more than 50% of rock is made of the mineral gypsum
Another is salt
161
Organic sedimentary rocks are formed
By compaction of plants and animals remains
162
What is Volcanism ?
Volcanism occurs when magma makes its way to the earths surface.
Volcanoes are landforms formed by the extrusion of lava or the e of rock fragments from a vent.
Volcanoes come I. Many shapes and aizes. Eruptions very in duration, violence and type of mineral erupted
