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Physical Geology 1166 > Rocks and Minerals > Flashcards

Rocks and Minerals Flashcards

1
Q

List Three types of rocks

A
  • Igneous rocks
  • Sedimentary rocks
  • Metamorphic rocks
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2
Q

What is a rock?

A

A rock is composed of one or more minerals or mineraloids, such as volcanic glass or organic matter. They are naturally occurring

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3
Q

What process has to be done for a rock to be naturally occurring ?

A

Has to be formed in a Natural Geological Process.

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4
Q

________ rocks originate from Milton rocks (magma).

A

Igneous

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5
Q

What is Molten?

A

Magma

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6
Q

Once magma reaches the surface of earth it is called _______.

A

lava

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7
Q

When Lava cools and solidifies, _______ rocks are formed

A

Igneous

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8
Q

Sedimentary rocks are made over _______ of years.

A

Millions

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9
Q

________ rocks are broken and eroded over time, transported by water and ice, then broken into Little Rock’s known as sediments.

A

Igneous

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10
Q

What is sediments ?

A

Small broken down pieces of igneous rocks

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11
Q

Sediments are packed and consolidated, and eventually they form ____________ rocks.

A

Sedimentary

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12
Q

________ and __________ rocks burry deep within the earths crust. Then subjected to heat and pressure. In result there is a change in their texture, shape and chemical makeup. Forming ___________ rocks.

A

Igneous and sedimentary.

Metamorphic

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13
Q

What is a metamorphic rock?

A

Metamorphic rocks are made up of igneous and sedimentary rocks that were buried under ground, subject to heat and pressure causing chemical change, texture and shape changes. Making metamorphic rocks.

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14
Q

What are they two types of igneous rocks ??

A

Extrusive and intrusive

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15
Q

What is another name for Extrusive Igneous rocks ?

A

Volcanic Igneous Rocks

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16
Q

What is another word for Intrusive Igneous Rocks ??

A

Plutonic Igneous Rocks

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17
Q

Extrusive Igneous rocks cool ________

A

Quickly / fast

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18
Q

Intrusive Igneous Rocks cool ________

A

Slowly

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19
Q

________ rocks form closer to the earths surface

A

Extrusive

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20
Q

________ rocks form deep within the earths crust

A

Intrusive

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21
Q

Magma that cools slowly makes __________ _______

A

Igneous rocks

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22
Q

Lava that cools quickly forms __________ _______

A

Extrusive rocks

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23
Q

Intrusive Igneous rocks cool slowly. Therefore these rocks are _______ grained. (Forming crystals)

A

Coarse

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24
Q

Extrusive Igneous rocks cool quickly. Resulting in _____ grained texture. (Little to no crystals)

A

Fine

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25
Q

Define Rock Texture

A

The shape and arrangement of mineral grains or other constituents

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26
Q

What are the FOUR texture groups of rocks?

A
  • Crystalline
  • Glassy
  • Vesicular
  • Fragmental
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27
Q

_________ texture has interlocking crystals known as grains

A

Crystalline

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28
Q

_________ texture contains glass

A

Glassy

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29
Q

_________ texture has vesicles (holes)

A

Vesicular

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30
Q

___________ texture is made of rock fragments

A

Fragmental

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31
Q

_________ _______ looks at grain or crystal size, which is determined by the rate of cooling and viscosity

A

Crystalline texture

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32
Q

Crystalline texture looks at the gain or crystal size which is determined by the rate of ________ and _________

A

Cooling and viscosity

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33
Q

What is viscosity?

A

Resistance to flow

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34
Q

Aphanitic texture is also known as ?

A

Fine texture

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35
Q

Aphanitic texture means ..?

A

Not visible, in Latin

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36
Q

With _______ ________ you are not able to see grains with your bare eye

A

Fine texture

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37
Q

With _______ _______ you are able to see crystals with your bare eye

A

Coarse texture

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38
Q

What is another name for phaneritic texture ?

A

Coarse texture

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39
Q

Coarse texture is _______ cooling

A

Slowly

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40
Q

Fine texture is _______ cooling

A

Fast

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41
Q

What evidence do we have that magma solidified into intrusive igneous rocks ?

A

Lab results show slow cooling rate causes larger crystals.

Minerals within intrusive rocks can only be formed under high temperatures and pressure.

This applying that they need to be formed deeply within the earths crust

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42
Q

Crystalline texture can be _____ and _____ grained

A

Fine and coarse

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43
Q

Fine grained texture is __________ texture

A

Crystalline

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44
Q

Coarse grained texture is ________ texture

A

Crystalline

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45
Q

Phorphyritic texture is also _______ texture

A

Crystalline

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46
Q

Can a Geologist make Phaneritic Granite in the lab??

A

NO, because pressure and temperature can be replicated. Although time can NOT be. Rocks take millions of years under heat and pressure to be produced.

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47
Q

_________ texture is characterized by rocks containing phenocrysts

A

Porphyritic

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48
Q

What is a phenocryst ?

A

Larger crystals that are pronounced

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49
Q

_______ texture formed when a rock experiences rapid cooling. As a result, atoms are NOT ordered in a 3D crystalline order, and, minerals are NOT present

A

Glassy

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50
Q

An example of glassy texture is ..?

A

Obsidian

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51
Q

______ (volcanic glass) formed from a volcanic eruption. If broken will form a curvature sharp breakage. (Conchoidal fracture)

A

Obsidian

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52
Q

What is a Conchoidal fracture ?

A

A curvature sharp breakage

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53
Q

_______ texture occurs when lava solidifies and gas is bubbling though the lava. As a result the bubbles form holes in the rock (vesicles)

A

Vesicular

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54
Q

Example of a vesicular rock

A

Basalt rock: Scoria

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55
Q

_______ texture: gases trapped inside rocks during volcanic eruptions, fragments of rock blasted

A

Fragmental

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56
Q

Example or FINE Fragmental texture

A

Tuff is composed of fine grained pyroclast particles dust and ash

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57
Q

Example of coarse Fragmental texture

A

Breccia rock, includes larger volcanic rocks

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58
Q

What is pyroclasts ?

A

Rock particles that were formed from volcanic rock that had trapped gas inside the rock and blasted the rock particles

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59
Q

What makes up Felsic?

A

Magma rich in Silica (SiO2), Aluminum (Al), Potassium (K), and Sodium (Na)

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60
Q

Rocks that are made of Felsic Magma are _______ coloured

A

Light

Ex. Quarts

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61
Q

Igneous rocks are also classified by their _____ content

A

Silica (SiO2)

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62
Q

What makes up Mafic?

A

Magma that is rich in Iron (Fr), Magnesium (Mg), and Calcium (Ca)

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63
Q

Mafic Magma gets its name from

A

Magma rich in Magnesium and Ferro (Iron)

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64
Q

Felsic gets its name from

A

Magma rich in Feldspar and Silica

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65
Q

Rocks made of Mafic magma are ______ coloured

A

Dark

Ex. Hornblende

66
Q

Phaneritic texture is

A

Coarse Grained

67
Q

Aphanitic Texture is

A

Fine Grained

68
Q

Granite is ______ grained

A

Coarse

69
Q

Rhyolite is ______ grained

A

Fine

70
Q

Diorite is ________ grained

A

Coarse

71
Q

Andesite is _____ grained

A

Fine

72
Q

Basalt is _____ grained

A

Fine

73
Q

Gabbro is ______ grained

A

Coarse

74
Q

Peridotite is ______ grained

A

Coarse

75
Q

Granite is an Abundant Plutonic Phaneritic rock. Meaning what?

A

It is an Intrusive Coarse grained rock.

76
Q

Granites Silica content is approx what %?

A

69-77%

77
Q

Granite is made up of

A

Quartz, Orthoclase (KAlSi3O8), Plagioclase, hornblende, and Biotite

78
Q

Granite is made up of many colours. Each colour makes up a _______ _______.

A

Different mineral

79
Q

What is granite used for in our everyday life

A

Construction, counter tops , statues

80
Q

Rhyolite is a Aphanitic Extrusive rock meaning what

A

It is a Fine grained volcanic rock

81
Q

Rhyolite is equivalent to _____ in terms of chemical composition

A

Granite

82
Q

Granite is a ______ rock

A

Felsic

83
Q

Rhyolite is a _______ rock

A

Felsic

84
Q

Rhyolite is commonly _______ coloured

A

Light

85
Q

Where is Rhyolite used ?

A

Skyscraper construction, jewelry

86
Q

Obsidian is a _______ coloured volcanic _______

A

Dark coloured volcanic glass

87
Q

Does Obsidian have a fracture or cleavage

A

Fracture.

88
Q

What type of fracture does Obsidian have ?

A

Conchoidal Fracture

89
Q

What is a Conchoidal Fracture?

A

Curves breakage with sharp edges

90
Q

Obsidian is used for …?

A

Arrowheads , scalpels , knives.

91
Q

Obsidian is harder than ______.

A

Steel.

92
Q

Pumice is a extrusive igneous rock formed by _________ _________.

A

Volcanic Eruptions

93
Q

Pumice gets its frothy texture from _____ ______ trapped within the lava

A

Gas bubbles

94
Q

Due to rapid cooling of lava, Pumice has ______ crystalline texture

A

No

95
Q

Pumice is ______ coloured and _____ weight

A

Light, light

96
Q

Pumice has no ______ present

A

Minerals

97
Q

Pumice is used for ..?

A

Household cleaners, dentist industries, lightweight building materials

98
Q

Basalt is the most _______ volcanic rock

A

Abundant (extrusive)

99
Q

Basalts silica content is approx

A

45-52%

100
Q

Basalt is _____ in colour

A

Dark

101
Q

Vesicular Basalt is formed by what?

A

Explosive volcanic eruptions, where gas was trapped in the lava and formed vesicles

102
Q

When Basalt vesicles are filled it is called

A

Amygdales

103
Q

Basalt vesicles are filled by a secondary mineral such as ..?

A

Quartz or calcite

104
Q

Basalts are used where?

A

Construction, roads and wind turbines , agriculture for fertilizers, prevents weed growth

105
Q

Gabbro is ____ in colour

A

Dark

106
Q

Gabbro is an ________ rock

A

Plutonic (intrusive)

107
Q

Gabbro is a _______ rock with silica

A

Mafic

108
Q

Silica context of Gabbro is

A

45-52%

109
Q

Gabbro is equivalent to ______ by chemical composition

A

Basalts

110
Q

Where is gabbro used?

A

Construction of buildings and roads, counter tops, floor tiles and sea defence.

111
Q

Andesite is a _______ (volcanic) rock

A

Extrusive

112
Q

Andesite got its name from

A

Andes mountains of South America

113
Q

Andesite is a ______, _____ ______ colour

A

Dark, blueish grey

114
Q

Andesite is a ______ rock with silica content of ..?

A

Mafic , 52-63%

115
Q

Andesite is used where

A

Construction of roads and industries

116
Q

Sprite is a ______ and _____ coloured rock

A

Black and white (salt and pepper)

117
Q

Diorite is equivalent to ________ in chemical composition

A

Andesite

118
Q

Diorite has a silica cones of ______% (_____ rock)

A

52-63% , Mafic rock

119
Q

Diorite is used for

A

construction of roads, and building countertops

120
Q

Igneous rocks get there name from the meaning ..?

A

Fire rocks

121
Q

Extrusive rocks are also known as

A

Volcanic rocks

122
Q

Extrusive rocks are ____ grained due to _____ cooling

A

Fine grained, rapid cooling

123
Q

Extrusive rocks have _____ to __ crystalline

A

Little to no

124
Q

Intrusive rocks form ______ crystals

A

Large

125
Q

Intrusive rocks are formed _______. Under the earths surface

A

Slowly

126
Q

Igneous rocks (_______ rocks) are the _____ rocks to be formed

A

Primary rocks, first rocks

127
Q

Sedimentary rocks are ______, Unconsolidated mineral particles

A

Loose

128
Q

sedimentary rocks originate from __________ and _________ of rocks, as well as from precipitation solution

A

Weathering and erosion

129
Q

Sand sediments make ..?

A

Sandstone

130
Q

Slit sediments make..?

A

Slitstone

131
Q

Clay sediments make ..?

A

Shale or mudstone

132
Q

Rounded boulders form by

A

Grinding the edges of the rock fragments during transportation of sediments or during weathering

133
Q

Rounded boulders are Large and heavy, they can not move more than ________

A

1 km

134
Q

Boulders take a lot of energy to move. Therefore usually move during ____ or on _____?

A

Large floods or on glacier ice

135
Q

Three types of sedimentary rocks

A

Detrital / Clastic rocks
Chemical rocks
Organic rocks

136
Q

Detrital rocks are formed by

A

Lithification

137
Q

Chemical rocks are formed as a result of

A

Precipitation of minerals such as Halite and or calcite

138
Q

Organic rocks example is

A

Coal

139
Q

Detrital rocks are also known as

A

Clastic rocks

140
Q

Detrital / Calstic Sedimentary Rocks are composed of

A

Clasts and cement.

141
Q

What is a clast?

A

Clasts are broken pieces of rocks, or rock fragments

142
Q

Detrital rocks are classified by

A

Grain size

143
Q

Grain sizes of classification for detrital rocks

A

Gravels gain size and mud grain size

144
Q

Gravels grain size includes

A

Pebbles cobble and boulders greater than 2mm

145
Q

Mud grain size includes

A

Sand slit and clay greater than 1/256mm and smaller than 2mm

146
Q

What are some common Detrital rocks ?

A 
Conglomerate 
Breccia 
Sandstone
Quartz 
Arkose
Graywacke
147
Q

Conglomerate

A

Coarse grained rock with greater grain size than 2mm.

148
Q

Breccia

A

Coarse grained rock greater than 2mm. Angular fragments. Due to the large size and sharp edges we know that it doesn’t travel far, and didn’t undergo much weathering

149
Q

Sandstone

A

More than 50% of sandstone is made of round sand sized particles. Composed of mainly quartz. It may display. Bedding layers. If cement of calcite it will fizz in hydrochloride acid

150
Q

Sandstone type quartz

A

More than 90% of the quartz sandstone is made of quartz. Resistant to chemical weathering.

151
Q

Arkose sandstone

A

More than 25% of arkose sandstone is made of Feldspar minerals. The remaining particles are made of quartz

152
Q

Geaywacke sandstone

A

More than 15% of graywacke is made of dark fine grains. Grains including Feldspar and Quartz as well as Volcanic rock

153
Q

Fine grained detrital can be

A

Shale. Mudstone. Slitstone. Clay stone.

154
Q

Shale has a special property named

A

Fissility

155
Q

Fissility means

A

That it splits into thin layers or slit or clay

156
Q

Three chemical sedimentary rocks

A

Carbonates chert and evaporites

157
Q

Carbonates are common chemical rocks. They include

A

Limestone and dolostone

158
Q

Chert

A

Hard rock made of silica. Fine grained.

159
Q

Evaporites are formed

A

From evaporation of seawater or saline lake

160
Q

Common evaporites include gypsum where more than 50% of rock is made of the mineral gypsum

A

Another is salt

161
Q

Organic sedimentary rocks are formed

A

By compaction of plants and animals remains

162
Q

What is Volcanism ?

A

Volcanism occurs when magma makes its way to the earths surface.

Volcanoes are landforms formed by the extrusion of lava or the e of rock fragments from a vent.

Volcanoes come I. Many shapes and aizes. Eruptions very in duration, violence and type of mineral erupted

Physical Geology 1166 (1 decks)

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