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rocks and fossils > Rocks And Fossils > Flashcards

Rocks And Fossils Flashcards

1
Q

Define the lithosphere

A

The rigid outer part of the earth consisting of the crust and upper mantle.

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2
Q

Define the asthenosphere

A

The upper layer of the earths mantle, below the lithosphere

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3
Q

Describe the thickness and state of earths crust

A

Thickness- the thickness of the earths crust is like the skin of an apple, it is incredibly thin
State- solid

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4
Q

Describe the thickness and state of the mantle

A

Thickness- It is 2900 km thick and makes up 84% of earths volume
State- mostly solid

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5
Q

Describe the thickness and state of the outer core

A

Thickness- it is 2200 km thick

State-liquid

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6
Q

Describe the thickness and state of the inner core

A

Thickness-it has a radius of 1220 km

State-solid

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7
Q

Define the term weathering

A

Wear away or change the appearance or texture of something by long exposure of the atmosphere

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8
Q

Define the term physical weathering

A

The geological process of rocks breaking apart without changing their chemical position.

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9
Q

List examples of physical weathering

A

-ice wedging
-spalling
-plant roots
Swiftly moving water

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10
Q

Explain spalling and how it contributes to weathering

A

Spalling is a physical weathering process that occurs in areas where the days are very hot and the nights are very cold. The large temperature changes cause the outermost layers to peel off

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11
Q

Explain ice wedging and how it contributes to weathering

A

Ice wedging is a physical weathering process that occurs when water collects in a crack of a rock and freezes at night, the ice expands and forces the crack wider, the ice melts and then that night the ice forms and forces the crack even wider.

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12
Q

Define the term chemical weathering

A

Chemical weathering causes rocks to break down in smaller prices by chemicals in the environment changing their composition through chemical reactions

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13
Q

List some examples of chemical weathering

A
  • Acids

- Rust

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14
Q

Explain the cause of acid rain and describe its effects

A

Acid rain is caused when raindrops dissolve pollution in the air, this increased the acidity of rain. It effects rocks (it dissolves the rocks) such as limestone and marble. It causes damage to statues and buildings and can also kill plants.

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15
Q

Define the term erosion and describe ways it can occur

A

Erosion is the process where small rock fragments are moved and carried away to another area. It can occur when wind blows around particles of sand and dust
Moving water washes away stones, sand and mud
Glaciers carve away soil and rock as it moves
Gravity causes landslides or for wet soil to slide down a steep slope

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16
Q

List landforms and landscapes that are caused by erosion

A 
River beds
Tributaries 
Sandy dunes
Sand banks
Cliffs
Sea stacks
Rock platforms
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17
Q

Identify ways erosion can be prevented on farms

A

Plant trees and grass
Retaining walls
Control run off-put in drainage

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18
Q

Identify ways erosion can be prevented at the beach

A

Build sea walls
Build revetments
Build jetties along the shoreline

19
Q

Identify ways erosion can be prevented in cities

A

Restraining walls

Planting trees and grass

20
Q

How are sedimentary rocks formed?

A

Sediments such as sand and silt are deposited in layers, the build up of layers is called sedimentation, over thousands of years the layers become compacted or the grain become cemented together by dissolved compounds

21
Q

What are the features of sedimentary rocks

A 
Often have layers
Made of lots of small grains
Often porous
Can be soft and crumbly
Can contain fossils
22
Q

How are igneous rocks formed

A

Igneous rocks are formed when magma cool and solidifies. Slow cooling lava has large crystals and lava that has been cooled quickly has small crystals

23
Q

What are the features of igneous rocks

A 
Contain interlocking crystals
Strong and hard
Crystals area arranged in random patterns
Can have crystals of different sizes
Can never contain fossils
24
Q

How are metamorphic rocks formed?

A

Metamorphic rocks are created by the physical or chemical alteration by heat or pressure of an existing igneous or sedimentary material into a fender form

25
Q

What are the features of metamorphic rocks

A

Often contain layers of crystals
Denser and harder than sedimentary rocks
Often show wavy or zig zag patterns

26
Q

Define the difference between magma and lava

A

Magma is found BELOW the surface of the earth and lava is found ON the surface of the earth

27
Q

Define the difference between active, dormant and extinct volcanoes

A

An active volcano may erupt at any time, a dormant volcano hasn’t erupted in ages but still might and an extinct volcano will not erupt anymore

28
Q

Outline how the cooling rate of magma impacts crystal size in rocks

A

If the magma cools slowly it makes big crystals and if it cools fast it makes small crystals

29
Q

Describe the features of intrusive igneous rocks

A

Large, well formed crystals
Magma cools slowly
Are formed deep in a volcano
Have granite and grabbing in them

30
Q

Describe the features of extrusive igneous rocks

A

Small crystals
Magma cools quickly
Formed near the top of the volcano
Contain basalt and obsidian

31
Q

Identify examples of minerals

A 
Bauxite
Haematite
Cinnabar
Sphalerite
Rutile
Galena
32
Q

Identify examples of valuable minerals (gemstones)

A 
Diamonds
Ruby’s
Emerald
Sapphires
Opal
Amethyst
33
Q

Identify and describe the properties that can be used to identify minerals

A

Colour-the external colour of a mineral
Lustre-the appearance of a mineral when placed under a light source
Streak- the colour produced when a mineral is scratched onto a white streak plate or powdered
Hardness-the strength of a mineral
Cleaver-the tendency of a mineral to break along flat planar surfaces

34
Q

Define the term fossil

A

The remains or impressions of plants or animals embedded in rock

35
Q

Outline the conditions under which fossils form

A

The plant or animal dies and is buried by sediment
The soft parts decay
The skeleton dissolves leaving a mould
Minerals replace the mould creating a ‘rock skeleton’

36
Q

Outline the use and process of comparative dating of fossils

A

Use- to determine the age of the fossil

Process- comparing it to other rocks in the area

37
Q

Define the term ore

A

Ore is a mineral with a large amount of a useful metal in it

38
Q

Give examples of ore and their useful mineral component

A

Bauxite and aluminium
Galena and lead
Sphalerite and zinc

39
Q

Outline the basic strategy for processing ore from mining to refining

A

The ore is grinded up and then in some cases mixed with other metals or chemicals then smelted into a liquid and then poured into a cast or put into big rolls then sold

40
Q

Discuss factors that need to be considered before a mining project begins

A

Checking that their not going to kill and plants or animals
Make sure that their are no poisonous chemicals under the ground
Make sure that there won’t be any run off that contaminate other places
Make sure what your mining is actually there
Check with the owner of the land

41
Q

Identify advantages of mining

A

Provides necessary materials for modern living
Provide materials to make fuels or for electricity generation
Contribution to the economy
Creates jobs and provides their families with income

42
Q

Identify disadvantages of mining

A

Damage to ecosystems and animal habitats
Contamination of the environment
Expensive and unsightly
Disposal of waste materials

43
Q

What order does the earths structure go?

A

It goes crust on the surface then mantle then outer core then inner core it gets hotter and hotter

rocks and fossils (1 decks)

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