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Rocks Minerals Soil > ROCKS > Flashcards

ROCKS Flashcards

1
Q

Define Rock

A

naturally occurring solid mixture of one or more minerals or organic matter

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2
Q

how are rocks classified?

A
  1. how they are formed
  2. composition (what they are made of)
  3. texture
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3
Q

Rocks change over time via what?

A

Rock Cycle

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4
Q

what are the three types of rocks

A

igneous, sedimentary, metamorphic

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5
Q

igneous rocks form from what

A

cooled liquid magma

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6
Q

Any rock can become an igneous rock if

A

it’s melted into magma

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7
Q

when magma reaches earth’s surface, it is called

A

lava

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8
Q

We identify igneous rocks by…

A

texture and color

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9
Q

how many types of texture?

A

four

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10
Q

how is texture determined?

A

how quickly a rock cools

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11
Q

the cooling rate determines what

A

the size of the minerals within the rock

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12
Q

texture describes what two things..

A

crystal size and appearance

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13
Q

What are the 4 types of texture (by speed of cooling)

A

pyroclastic (fastest)
froth
fine-grained
intrusive (slowest)

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14
Q

What does pyroclastic mean?

A

Formed by explosion

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15
Q

what is another word for pyroclastic

A

fragmental texture

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16
Q

pyroclastic are the _______ and _______ that are blown into atomosphere

A

ash and cinders

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17
Q

because pyroclastic cools so quickly…

A

no crystals form and ashes and cinders are cemented together

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18
Q

Froth is magma that is cooled by

A

water or forced far from the source of heat

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19
Q

Do crystals form with pyroclastic or froth?

A

NO

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20
Q

the texture of froth is called

A

glassy or vitrous

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21
Q

Name another name for volcanic glass

A

Obsidian

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22
Q

Pumice, which is not smooth is formed from…

A

froth

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23
Q

obsidian is formed from..

A

froth

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24
Q

fine-grained is magma that cools..

A

above the Earth surface

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25
Q

fine grained magma forms crystals that…

A

aren’t visible

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26
Q

when crystals are not visible it’s called

A

extrusive

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27
Q

extrusive rocks have _______ appearance

A

uniform

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28
Q

The slowest cooling rocks are called

A

intrusive

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29
Q

intrusive rocks cool where

A

within the Earth

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30
Q

intrusive rocks have _______ texture

A

coarse

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31
Q

what does coarse texture mean?

A

You can see the crystals that have formed. You may even be able to identify different minerals.

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32
Q

depending on where/how a volcano forms, the magma will dissolve a different amount of

A

silica

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33
Q

silica makes up what percent of Earth crust

A

95%

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34
Q

what is another word for silica?

A

silicon dioxide SiO2

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35
Q

magma inside the earth is made primarily of..

A

..heavy metals

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36
Q

amount of Earth’s crust dissolved by magma rising to surface is correlated to

A

amount of silica added to magma

37
Q

felsic rocks are (color)

A

light in color

38
Q

felsic rocks are low in _______ and high in ______

A

low = heavy metals and high = silica

39
Q

FEL in felsic is for

A

potassium feldspar

40
Q

SIC in felsic is for

A

silica

41
Q

felsic have specific gravity of

A

less than 3.0

42
Q

felsic is lighter because they contain less

A

metals

43
Q

mafic rocks are (color)

A

dark

44
Q

mafic rock contain silica but have higher amounts of

A

heavy metals

45
Q

MA in mafic comes from

A

magnesium

46
Q

FIC in mafic from

A

Latin word for iron

47
Q

mafic have specific gravity of

A

more than 3.0

48
Q

intermediate are somewhere between

A

felsic and mafic

49
Q

Intermediate color is

A

grey or brown–neither very light or very dark

50
Q

the word intermediate means

A

in the middle

51
Q

Ultramafic are extremely

A

DARK and HEAVY

52
Q

Ultramafic rocks have very high percentages of

A

heavy metals

53
Q

Sedimentary rocks from when

A

bits of sediment are compacted and cemented together

54
Q

to become a sedimentary rock, it first need to be

A

sediment

55
Q

sedimentary rocks are made of

A

sediment but can also consist of organic matter compacted/cemented together

56
Q

sedimentary rocks are classified by

A

rock type, texture and structure

57
Q

what are the three types of sedimentary rocks

A

Clastic/detrital, chemical or organic

58
Q

What is a clastic/detrital rock

A

pre-existed rock compacted/cemented together

59
Q

A Clastic or detrital rock can be what sizes

A

boulder, pebble, sand, silt/clay

60
Q

Chemical sedimentary rock forms how?

A

when bits of pre-existing rock and minerals are dissolved in a solution (usually sea water) are cemented together as the solution evaporates.

61
Q

Give two examples of chemical sedimentary rock…

A

rock gypsum and rock salt

62
Q

How is organic sedimentary rock formed?

A

when organic matter is compressed and cemented together.

63
Q

Give examples of organic sedimentary rock

A

coal, limestone, limestone coquina

64
Q

How is texture determined

A

by the visibility of the particles of the rocks

65
Q

what is the range of texture?

A

fine, medium and coarse

66
Q

If a rock’s texture has uniform color and visible sediments the texture would be

A

fine

67
Q

if a rock’s color is mostly uniform and small particles visible what is texture

A

medium

68
Q

if a rock is composed of large, obvious particles what is texture?

A

coarse

69
Q

STructure describes the what of a rock

A

APPEARANCE

70
Q

If the structure is FRAGMENTAL it means

A

it is obvious that different types of particles are cemented together

71
Q

if the structure of a rock is GRANULAR

A

it appears to be grainy, composed of sand-sized particles or smaller

72
Q

If the structure of the rock is CRYSTALLINE

A

it means crystal shape is evident in structure of the rock

73
Q

if the structure of the rock is GLASSY

A

it means the rock is shiny or scratchy in appearance

74
Q

if the structure of the rock is RESINOUS

A

it means the rock appears to contain resin (produced by trees and plants)

75
Q

How do METAMORPHIC rocks form?

A

when existing rocks of any type are pushed deep within the Earth and are exposed to extreme heat and pressure

76
Q

in METAMORPHIC rocks the heat and pressure

A

cause partial melting and compression of the existing rock

77
Q

two ways metamorphic rocks are classified

A

foliated and non-foliated

78
Q

some Metamorphic rocks have a banded appearance which means

A

the rock has stripes or alternating layers of color

79
Q

foliated rocks often cleave along

A

their layers

80
Q

non-foliated metamorphic rocks have no

A

visible layers and often have complete fracture (or do not break along clear surface)

81
Q

what is difference between foliated and non-foliated metamorphic rocks

A 
foliated = layers
non-foliated = no layers
82
Q

Metamorphic rock texture means

A

the size of visible crystals

83
Q

when no crystals are visible we say

A

the rock is FINE GRAINED

84
Q

when crystals are obvious we say

A

COARSE GRAINED

85
Q

when rocks have a range of crystals–fine to coarse we say

A

medium grained

86
Q

what is a parent rock?

A

what rock the metamorphic rock came from i.e. before it was exposed to extreme heat and pressure

87
Q

If we can identify a parent rock of a metamorphic rock we can

A

make connection between rocks we can identify and visualize the rock cycle process

88
Q

What is the rock cycle?

A

(look at diagram on study guide)

Rocks Minerals Soil (3 decks)

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