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Geography - Physical > Rocks > Flashcards

Rocks Flashcards

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1
Q

Name 3 periods/epochs

A

Cretaceous Jurassic Triassic

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2
Q

What era was/is clay found in

A

Quaternary Teriatiary Jurassic Triassic Permian

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3
Q

What era was chalk found in?

A

Cretaceous

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4
Q

What era was limestone found in?

A

Carboniferous

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5
Q

What era was granite found in?

A

Pre-Cambrian Devonian

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6
Q

Where in the UK is clay found?

A

London basin

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7
Q

Where in the UK is chalk found?

A

Chiltern hills North downs South Downs

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8
Q

Where in the UK is limestone found?

A

Yorkshire dales

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9
Q

Where in the UK is granite found?

A

Dartmoor Lands end

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10
Q

Label the map showing which rock is found

A
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11
Q

How are igneous rocks formed?

A

Igneous rocks are formed by the solidification of molten material from below the earths surface. Extrusive igneous rocks are cooled quickly so small crystals form. Intrusive igneous rocks are cooled slowly so large crystals form .

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12
Q

Give an example of an intrusive and extrusive igneous rock

A

Extrusive - basalt Intrusive - granite

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13
Q

How are sedimentary rocks formed?

A

Sedimentary rocks are made from layers of sediment. They are grainy and crumbly and may contain fossil. The process that creates them is called sedimentation.

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14
Q

What are the 3 eras?

A

Caenozoic Mesozoic Palaeozoic

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15
Q

Give an example of a sedimentary rock

A

Limestone and chalk

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16
Q

How are metamorphic rocks formed?

A

Metamorphic rocks are formed by the effect of extreme pressures and temperatures deep within the earth. This alters the structures of the existing rock. They contain small crystals in layers. They are hard and smooth.

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17
Q

Give an example of metamorphic rock

A

Slate and marble

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18
Q

Where is the main areas in the UK where igneous rocks are found?

A

Scotland

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19
Q

Where is the main areas in the UK where sedimentary rocks are found?

A

North England

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20
Q

Where is the main areas in the UK where metamorphic rocks are found?

A

Wales

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21
Q

Define weathering

A

breakdown of materials in the earths crust into sediment in stitu.

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22
Q

define erosion

A

weathered rock is carried away by gravity, water, wind, and ice.

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23
Q

What do weathering and erosion do?

A

they work together to change the environment

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24
Q

How does freeze-thaw weathering work?

A

most rocks are hard, but despite this they can be broken by just a small amount of water getting into cracks in the rock. This is because as water freezes overnight it expands by 8 to 10% of its own volume. This creates powerful forces that can enlarge the cracks. This process is repeated and cracks start to spread through the rock. Eventually small pieces of rock called scree break off.

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25
Q

***what are a and b

A

a = joint

b = bedding plane

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26
Q

What is chemical weathering

A

CO2 dissolves into rainwater in the atmosphere to form a weak carbonic acid. This dissolves calcium carbonate (limestone) Limestone is particularly vulnerable due to the many lines of weakness (joints and bedding planes). This process happens over a long period of time.

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27
Q

What is onion skin weathering (physical)

A

rock is eroded layer by layer

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28
Q

what is biological weathering?

A

plant roots get into cracks in the rock and can physically open them further. Also decaying plant roots produce acid which can further weather the rock.

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29
Q

Describe the rock cycle

A

Lava spills out of the volcano and cools to form extrusive igneous rock. The weather breaks down the igneous rock by processes such as freeze-thaw. Erosion by rivers takes the sediments down to the sea. Sediments fall to the sea floor along with organic matter and are compacted to form sedimentary rock. Sedimentary rock is subducted into the mantle. It is heated and pressurised to form metamorphic rock.

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30
Q

Where is the granite case study?

A

Dartmoor

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31
Q

Where is Dartmoor

A

Dartmoor is found in the south west of the UK in Devon

32
Q

What are the features of a Granite landscape?

A

Tors and Batholiths

33
Q

What is a tor?

A

A tor is a block or rocks on top of each other, found on a flat-topped moorland plateau. They range from 5-10 metres high and are surrounded by weathered material.

34
Q

Describe the formation of a tor

A

the moorland plateau is made of well jointed granite. the rock is weathered by a mechanical form of weathering called freeze-thaw due to high relief. this is when rain water goes into joints in the rock and expands by 8-10% overnight forcing the crack open. This happens more because of high rainfall. Eventually the rock is eroded fully leaving a tower of blocks and scree at the bottom.

35
Q

What is the drainage pattern happens of a tor?

A

Radial pattern of drainage.

36
Q

What are the features and characteristics of a tor?

A

5-10 metres tall. Horizontal bedding planes vertical joints made of granite scree at the bottom on a flat topped moorland plateau surrounded by block field.

37
Q

Name an example of a tor?

A

Haytor, Devon

38
Q

What are the land and economic uses of granite?

A

Granite is impermeable which is perfect for reservoirs.

It is a fine building material.

Soil is infertile and used for sheep grazing.

farmers diversify their business - tourist b&b’s

it creates scenery that encourages tourism e.g. Dartmoor National Park.

Decomposed granite is used to make china.

39
Q

Where is the chalk and clay case study?

A

South Downs

40
Q

where is the south downs?

A

The south downs are located in the south east of the UK.

41
Q

label this diagram of a chalk escarpment

A
42
Q

Describe the formation of a chalk escaprment

A

Angle of dip - the beds of rocks are arranged at 45* angle to the surface. Clay is soft and eroded quicker. Chalk is more resistant and and can withstand erosion longer. Rivers erode and weather the clay vale as it is the least resistant rock. An example is Fulking, South Downs

43
Q

What is the drainage pattern of a chalk escarpment?

A

On the chalk escarpment there is little surface drainage and rivers are few and far between as the water passes through the chalk because it is porous. During high rainfall rivers will flow through dry valleys called Bournes. Where the chalk meets the clay streams reappear from the chalk as clay is impermeable, creating springs. These meander through the clay vale and settlements often appear along them as wet point sites.

44
Q

What are the features of a chalk escarpment?

A

Scarp slope - steep.

Dip slope - more gentle - rough grazing for sheep.

Clay vale - flat lush grass ideal for cows.

Wet point settlement - spring emerges from rock and people settle there.

45
Q

What is the other name for a chalk escarpment?

A

Cuesta

46
Q

What is an aquifer?

A

an aquifer is an underground storage storage of water.

47
Q

Why do areas of chalk and clay make good aquifers?

A

chalk is porous so water passes through its joints. Clay is impermeable so water cannot pass through.

48
Q

What are the advantages and disadvantages of getting water from aquifers?

A

+Water from an aquifer is clean

+ Long term supplies: do not dry up in short term droughts

+boreholes can be sunk close to where water is needed.

  • finite source -takes a long time for water to be replaced
  • people cannot increase storage capacity as happens with surface resevoirs
49
Q

What are the land and economic uses of Chalk and clay areas?

A

Chalk holds water

tourism

clay vale provides lush grass for dairy farming.

chalk provides short turf for sheep grazing

clay offers soft ground for horse racing E.g ascot

Chalk and clay are building materials

50
Q

Where is the limestone case study?

A

Malham, Yorkshire dales

51
Q

Where are the Yorkshire dales located?

A

Yorkshire dales are located in the north of England

52
Q

Where is limestone mostly found?

A

2 National Parks - Yorkshire dales and Peak district

53
Q

describe limestone weathering

A

carboniferous limestone is made up of calcium carbonate. Calcium carbonate is an alkali so vulnerable to chemical solution, a form of chemical weathering caused by rainfall. When rainwater absorbs sulfur dioxide and carbon dioxide, it forms carbonic acid. this is a weak acid which over time will dissolve limestone to produce various exotic features.

54
Q

What is a limestone pavement?

A

Limestone with joint (grykes) and blocks (clints)

55
Q

List three ways limestone landscapes are used

A

tourism, quarrying, and farming

56
Q

list 3 characteristics of limestone landscapes

A

thin soils

intermittent (depends on permeability)

Caves and sinkholes

57
Q

list 4 uses of limestone

A

toothpaste cement paper road building

58
Q

what is meant by massive limestone?

A

limestone made of crystals that is tightly compacted

59
Q

what features would you find on a limestone landscape?

A

Limestone pavements Caves and caverns Intermittent drainage Pot holes Stalactites and stalagmites limestone gorges

60
Q

How are limestone pavements formed?

A

limestone is an alkali rock and is weathered bu acid rain. Any water that lies in cracks within the rocks dissolves the limestone over a long period of time, causing the cracks to widen, The flat upper surfaces of the pavement are called clints whilst the cracks are called grykes. An example of a limestone pavement is in Malham Yorkshire Dales.

61
Q

***Label the diagram

A

***

62
Q

What are the other names for pot holes?

A

sink holes, swallow holes, Shake Holes, Kettle holes

63
Q

Describe the formation of a pot hole

A

When rainwater falls onto impermeable rock, streams and rivers may form. As water flows off the impermeable rock onto the permeable limestone, the water flows into one of the many enlarged joints on surface and disappears underground. Where a river disappears underground it is called a pot hole. As the hole gets wider blocks of limestone can fall in making it bigger. because streams do not fall over the surface all the time they are called intermittent streams and the area has intermittent drainage process limestone solution E.g malham yorkshire dales

64
Q

describe the formation of a stalactite and stalagmite

A

Acidic rainwater falls to the ground and soaks in moving towards a cavern. It then dissolves the rock and becomes laced with calcium carbonate. Rainwater reaches the cavern and drips very slowly from the roof. it evaporates leaving behind calcium carbonate and deposits build up. They form fingers that grow downwards. This results in a stalactite. The acid water drops to the ground and builds up to make a stalagmite.

65
Q

Describe the formation of a cave and cavern

A

Rain is a weak acid it enters rock through pot holes and flows through joints and bedding planes. It dissolves some rock more than others where it is weaker and eventually forms caverns. this takes a long time. Example White scar caves, Yorkshire Dales

66
Q

Label this diagram

A
  1. clouds with acid rain
  2. pot hole
  3. stalactite
  4. Stalagmite
  5. column
67
Q

Describe the formation of a gorge

A

Chemical weathering makes the roof of a cavern unstable. The roof eventually collapses turning the underground cavern into a steep sided valley called a gorge

68
Q

What are the economic land uses of limestone areas?

A

Scenery and walks above and below ground e.g. Yorkshire Dales national park

Produces short grass as soil is infertile, good for sheep grazing.

Helps fertilize acidic soils.

Limestone neutralizes the acidic soil.

It is a building material e.g. The Houses of Parliament, St Paul’s Cathedral

69
Q

What are two major advantages of Quarrying?

A

it provides raw materials for the huge demand for building, road construction, cement manufacture, and sea defenses. It also provides a lot of jobs.

70
Q

What are the disadvantages of quarrying before it starts?

A

Env. - Habitats are destroyed as the site is cleared. Eco - Other economic activities such as farming must stop. Soc - Giant earth movers cause noise pollution at day and night.

71
Q

What are the disadvantages of quarrying during?

A

Env - Buildings are unsightly and waste tips are an eyesore. Soc - Noise and dust every working day Env - Blasting rock face creates a giant scar in the hillside of a large hole in the ground (or both) Soc - heavy truck traffic is a danger and disturbance along rural roads.

72
Q

What are the disadvantages after quarrying?

A

Env - Large ugly scar left Env - Ponds used for water storage may be left behind. Soc - Surface drainage in the local area is disturbed

73
Q

Which quarry have you studied?

A

Ingleton Quarry

74
Q

How are quarries used after they’ve been mined?

A

Tourism - Eden Project - Tropical greenhouse to promote biodiversity. Popular tourist attraction in Cornwall. Landfill - Blackely, West Yorkshire -Convenient place for landfill, cheap and easy way to dispose of waste. Moto-cross - Flappits Motocross, West Yorkshire - Good location for recreational purposes away from residents, so they aren’t disturbed. Focused on abandoned site. Shopping - Bluewater shopping complex, Kent - Built in an old quarry as new building land is in short supply. Built there instead of green belt land

75
Q

What are the benefits of tourism at ingleton

A

Outdoor shops, b+Bs, cafes, attractions and tour compainies recieve more customers

Profit from tourism helps pay for improvemnts protecting natural beuty and infrastructure.

76
Q

What are the negative effects of tourism in limestone landscape

A

roads like A65 become very busy during summer because people head to honeypots

Locals unable to buy homes as house prices rise, especially for younger gen

Motorcyclists have died after their nikes collide with tractors on Dales junction

Erosion of footprints on waterfall walk, Ingleton

Mountain bikes who go off road are a problem too.

Geography - Physical (3 decks)

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