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Geology Unit 1 > Rocks > Flashcards

Rocks Flashcards

0
Q

3 groups of rocks

A
  • igneous (hot rocks/fire)
  • sedimentary
  • metamorphic
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1
Q

Rocks

A

-Made up of minerals
-Makes up the geosphere
Most rocks are made of several minerals but some are monomineralic (one mineral)

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2
Q

Igneous

A

Rocks formed by crystallization of magma/lava during cooling

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3
Q

Sedimentary

A

Formed at or near earth’s surface from sediment that may include mineral or rock fragments, organic fragments (sandstone), by precipitation from water (limestone)

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4
Q

Metamorphic

A

Formed from igneous, sedimentary or previously metamorphosed rocks by heating and/or increase in pressure during collision of tectonic plates or magma intrusion

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5
Q

Major environment issues associated with igneous activity

A
  • volcanic hazards
  • sources of many ore deposits
  • driving energy and nutrients for some important ecologic systems
  • driving energy for geothermal systems
  • building materials
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6
Q

Igneous rocks
(intrusive vs extrusive)
(plutonic vs volcanic)

A

-lava flow (volcanic/extrusive)
-magma chamber (plutonic/intrusive)
Plutonic vs volcanic:
-plutonic (slowly cooled)
-volcanic (rapidly cooled)

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7
Q

Igneous rock

Ferromagnesian (dark color)

A
  • olivine
  • pyroxene
  • amphibole
  • biotite
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8
Q

Igneous rock

Felsic (light color)

A
  • plagioclase feldspar
  • orthoclase feldspar
  • Quartz
  • muscovite
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9
Q

Things that control igneous rock composition

A
  • composition of the source

- magnetic differentiation

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10
Q

Provenance of igneous rock composition

A
  • mantle is made of peridotite
  • mantle source -> basalt, andesite, dacite (and their plutonic equivalents: gabbro, diorite, granddiorite)
  • continental crust source -> rhyolite (and it’s plutonic equivalent: granite)
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11
Q

Magmatic differentiation

A

-process by which a homogenous magma segregates into different rock types

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12
Q

Magmatic differentiation: sequential crystallization of minerals permits their separation

A

High density minerals will sink inside a magma chamber, low density minerals will float inside a magma chamber

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13
Q

Fractional crystallization

A

The separation of minerals, it is the most common type if magmatic differentiation

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14
Q

Making of sedimentary rocks

A

1) weathering
- mechanical (erosion, breaking rocks apart)
- chemical (chemical reactions)
2) sedimentation (transport and deposition)
3) Lithification

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15
Q

Weathering

A

Is the response of rocks to new conditions at or near Earth’s surface
-for example, minerals in lava that crystallized at 1000 degrees Celsius are not very stable at surface conditions

16
Q

Agents of mechanical weathering (erosion)

A
  • running water
  • wind
  • glaciers and ice
  • ocean currents and waves
  • gravity
17
Q

Chemical weathering

A

Dissolution or transformation of original minerals to secondary minerals by interaction with various solutions

  • dissolution by water
  • dissolution by acid
  • oxidation
  • hydrolysis (diagenesis)
18
Q

Properties of clay

A 
Good properties:
-filtering of toxic metals
-material for pottery and construction 
Bad properties:
-swelling of soils
-soil failures (slumps, landslide)
19
Q

Factors that control the extent of chemical weathering

A

1) composition of minerals
2) temperature
3) presence of water (humidity)

20
Q

Weathering-composition of minerals

A
  • ferromagnesian silicates weather the fastest
  • K - Al silicate are more resistant to weathering
  • Halides and Sulfates dissolve easily in solutions
  • carbonates dissolve easily in acidic solutions
21
Q

Weathering-temperature

A

High temp increases rate of weathering

22
Q

Role of climate

A

Climate combined the previously noted factors

  • in warm, humid climates, chemical weathering predominates
  • in arid, cold climates, mechanical weather predominates
23
Q

Transporting sediment

A
  • water (fluvial transport)
  • glaciers
  • wind (Aeolian transport)
  • gravity (Mass wasting)
24
Q

Types of sedimentary rocks

A

-detrital
-chemical
-biochemical
A sedimentary rock may contain all 3 components

25
Q

Detrital (clastic)

A

Pieces of pre-existing rocks and minerals litho fief together as solutions pass through and precipitate quarts or carbonate minerals

26
Q

Chemical

A

Minerals are precipitated from seawater or lakes

27
Q

Biochemical

A

Components that have biological origin

28
Q

Common detrital sedimentary rocks

A

1) conglomerate: dominated by rounded granules or larger rock or mineral fragments
2) sandstone: dominated by sand-size grains
3) shale: silt or mud-sized grains

29
Q

Chemical sedimentary rocks

A

1) limestone- mostly calcite
2) dolostone- 50% dolomite, forms by additions of Mg to calcite
3) evaporites- consist if precipitated halides, Sulfates, borates ect.
4) chert- finely crystalline silica deposited on ocean floor

30
Q

sedimentary rocks with biochemical components

A
  • Coal: converted organic matter, usually from swamps
  • black shale: shale with carbonized algae
  • fossil-bearing limestone
31
Q

Metamorphic rocks

A

Metamorphism: is the response of rocks by solid state reactions and deformation to changes in temperature, pressure and chemical environment

32
Q

Agents of metamorphism

A
  • heat (200-900•c): causes mineral reactions and coarsening, ex: muscovite -> orthoclase + corundum + water
  • pressure: causes mineral reactions and deformation of rocks
  • hydrothermal solutions: carry dissolved elements that cause formation of new minerals (metasomatism)
33
Q

Causes of metamorphism

A
  • plate tectonics and mountain building

- intrusion of Magnus into the upper crust

34
Q

Some societal issues of metamorphic rocks

A
  • metamorphism results in the formation of some mineral ores (graphite, talc, ect.)
  • many gens are metamorphic mineral (ruby, garnet, jade, ect.)
  • slate and marble are important building stones
  • metamorphic foliation influences groundwater flow and slope stability
35
Q

Metamorphic foliation

A

Foliation is alignment of Micas (and other minerals) because of compression. It is common is schist, which contain high proportions of Micas

Geology Unit 1 (4 decks)

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