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Geo 101 Final > Rocks > Flashcards

Rocks Flashcards

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1
Q

What are igneous rocks?

A

Form as molten rock cools and solidifies

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2
Q

What is magma?

A

Intrusive rocks or plutonic rocks

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3
Q

What is lava?

A

Extrusive rocks or volcanic rocks

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4
Q

What are extrusive igneous rocks?

A

Magma that exists or cooled above ground

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5
Q

What are intrusive igneous rocks?

A

Magma that cooled below ground surface

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6
Q

What are the three components of magma?

A
  1. Liquid portion = melt
  2. Solids, if present, silicate materials
  3. Volatiles = dissolved gases in melt
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7
Q

What determines the texture of igneous rocks?

A

Rate of cooling
1. Slow rate = fewer but larger crystals
2. Fast rate = many small crystals
3. Very fast rate = forms glass

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8
Q

What are the different igneous textures?

A

Aphanitic
Porphyritic
Phaneritic
Glassy
Pyroclastic
Pegmatitic

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9
Q

What is an aphanitic texture?

A

Fine-grained
Rapid rate of cooling
Microscopic crystals

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10
Q

What is a phaneritic texture?

A

Coarse-grained
Slow cooling
Large, visible crystals

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11
Q

What is a porphyritic texture?

A

2 stages of cooling
Large crystals embedded in smaller crystals

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12
Q

What is a glassy texture?

A

Very rapid cooling
Results in obsidian

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13
Q

What is a pyroclastic texture?

A

Fragmental appearance
Formed by violent volcanic eruptions

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14
Q

What is a pegmatitic texture?

A

Exceptionally coarse-grained
Forms in late stages of crystallization of magmas

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15
Q

What are the different igneous compositions?

A

Felsic
Intermediate
Mafic
Ultramafic

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16
Q

What determines igneous composition?

A

Silica content

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17
Q

What is a felsic composition?

A

Silica rich & iron poor
Nonferromagnesian silicates
Major constituent of continental crust

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18
Q

What is an intermediate composition?

A

More iron & less silicate
> 25% ferromagnesian silicates
53-65% silica

19
Q

What is a mafic composition?

A

More iron & magnesium
Ferromagnesian silicates
Silica poor (45-52%)
Comprise ocean floor & volcanic islands

20
Q

What is an ultramafic composition?

A

Rare
Entirely ferromagnesian silicates
< 45% silica

21
Q

How does magma originate?

A

Heat
Pressure
Volatiles

22
Q

How do sedimentary rocks form?

A

products of mechanical & chemical weathering

23
Q

What are the types of sedimentary rocks?

A

Detrital rocks
Chemical rocks

24
Q

What are detrital rocks?

A

Transported sediment as solid particles

25
Q

What are chemical rocks?

A

Sediment once in solution

26
Q

What are types of detrital rocks?

A

Shale
Sandstone
Conglomerate & breccia

27
Q

What are types of chemical rocks?

A

Limestone
Dolostone
Chert
Evaporites
Coal

28
Q

What are the classifications of chemical rocks?

A

Clastic
Nonclastic

29
Q

What is a clastic rock?

A

Discrete fragments & particles

30
Q

What is a nonclastic rock?

A

Pattern of interlocking crystals (resemble igneous rocks)

31
Q

What are the types of sedimentary structures?

A

Bedding planes
Cross-bedding
Graded beds
Ripple marks
Mud cracks

32
Q

What is metamorphism?

A

Transition of one rock into another by temperatures and/or pressures

33
Q

What are the types of metamorphism?

A

Contact metamorphism (heat)
Dynamic metamorphism (pressure)
Regional metamorphism (heat and pressure)

34
Q

What are the agents of metamorphism?

A

Heat
Pressure & stress
Fluids
Parent rock

35
Q

What are the two types of pressure?

A

Lithostatic
Differential

36
Q

What is lithostatic pressure?

A

Weight of the overlying rocks

37
Q

What is differential pressure?

A

Pressures that are not equal on all sides

38
Q

What are the metamorphic textures?

A

Foliated
Non-foliated

39
Q

What is texture?

A

Size, shape, & arrangement of mineral grains

40
Q

What is foliation?

A

Planar arrangement of mineral grains

41
Q

What are the types of foliated textures?

A

Slaty cleavage
Schistosity
Gneissic

42
Q

What are types of foliated rocks?

A

Slate
Phyllite
Schist
Gneiss

43
Q

What are the types of non-foliated rocks?

A

Marble
Quartzite

44
Q

What are the different metamorphic environments?

A

Continental
Transformational
Marine

Geo 101 Final (8 decks)

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