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Geology 100 > Rock Deformation > Flashcards

Rock Deformation Flashcards

1
Q

How are rocks distorted?

A

By tectonic rocks

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2
Q

What are the types of tectonic forces?

A

Compressive, tensional, and shearing

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3
Q

What are compressive forces?

A

squeeze and shorten a body

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4
Q

What are tensional forces?

A

Stretch a body and tend to pull it apart

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5
Q

What are shearing forces?

A

push two sides of a body in opposite directions

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6
Q

What is stress?

A

The push, pull, or shear that a material feels when subjected to a force

force applied per unit area

FORCE/AREA

How easy or hard it is to crush

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7
Q

What are the different kinds of stress that occur in rock bodies

A

Tensional stress, compressional stress, and shear stress

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8
Q

What is strain?

A

Change in shape of a rock in response to deformation

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9
Q

What’re the different types of strain

A

stretching, shortening, and shear strain

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10
Q

What is stretching?

A

if a layer of rock becomes longer

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11
Q

What is shortening?

A

if a layer of rock becomes shorter

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12
Q

What is shear strain?

A

if a change in shape involves the movement of one part of a rock body past another

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13
Q

In what direction are rocks formed?

A

Every rock is formed horizontally

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14
Q

What does stress cause?

A

Stress causes strain

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15
Q

What does tensional stress cause?

A

Stretching

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16
Q

What does compression stress cause?

A

Shortening

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17
Q

What does shear stress cause?

A

Shear strain

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18
Q

What is pressure? (Stress)

A

Objects feel the same stress on all sides

Undeformed

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19
Q

What is extension?

A

Pull apart
Greater stress in one direction
Thins material
Makes it longer

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20
Q

What is compression?

A

Squeezing
Greater stress in 1 direction
Thickens material
Makes it shorter

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21
Q

What is shear?

A

Blocks of rock sliding past one another

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22
Q

What are the measurements to describe the orientation of a layer of rock at a given location

A

Dip and Strike

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23
Q

What is dip?

A

The amount of tilting

The angle where the bed inclines from the horizontal

Walk up or down

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24
Q

What is strike?

A

The direction of the intersection of a rock layer with a horizontal surface

Perpendicular to the direction of the dip

Walk along the strike

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25
Q

What determines whether a rock bends or breaks?

A

Their strength

How some resist deformation more than others in response to the forces to which they are subjected

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26
Q

How do some rocks deform?

A

Ductile and brittle

some can do both

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27
Q

What is ductile?

A

Capable of being easily shaped or molded

Flexible

Smooth and continuous plastic deformation

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28
Q

What is brittle?

A

Likely to break

Rigid

Undergoes little change until it breaks suddenly

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29
Q

What qualities determine whether the rock is ductile or brittle?

A

Kind of rock

TEMPERATURE

PRESSURE

Magnitude of the force

Speed with which the force is applied

30
Q

What does ductile behavior in rocks cause?

A

Folds

31
Q

What does brittle behavior in rocks cause?

A

joints and faults

32
Q

What does folds imply

A

the structure was originally planar, such as a sedimentary bed, has been bent

COMPRESSIVE FORCES WERE AT WORK

33
Q

What’re some types of folds

A 
Anticlines
Synclines
Limbs
Axial plane
Fold axis
Plunging fold
Asymmetrical fold
Overturned fold
Dome 
Basin
34
Q

Anticlines

A

Upfolds or arches of layered rocks

35
Q

Synclines

A

Downfolds or troughs of layered rocks

36
Q

Limbs

A

The two sides of the fold

37
Q

Axial plane

A

an imaginary surface that divides a fold as symmetrically as possible

One limb on either side

SYMMETRICAL FOLDS

38
Q

Fold axis

A

the line made by the lengthwise intersection of the axial plane with the beds

39
Q

Plunging fold

A

If the axis is not horizontal

40
Q

Asymmetrical fold

A

one limb is dipping more steeply than the other

41
Q

Overturned fold

A

One limb is tilted beyond the vertical

Both limbs dip in same direction, but one limb has tilted beyond vertical

42
Q

Dome

A

ANTICLINAL structure

a broad circular or oval upward bulge of rock layers
encirlce a central point and did rapidly away from it

Oldest sedimentary rock is on the bottom (CORE)

Youngest sedimentary rock in on the top (EXPOSED)

43
Q

Basin

A

SYNICAL structure

bowl shaped depression

beds dip rapidly towards a central point

Oldest sedimentary rock is on the top (EXPOSED)

Youngest sedimentary rock in on the bottom (CORE)

44
Q

Plunging anticline

A

direction of plunge towards V

45
Q

Plunging syncline

A

direction of plunge away from V

46
Q

What are eroded remnants of a folded mountain belt?

A

The Valley and Ridge province of the Appalachian Mountains

In Pennsylvania

47
Q

What are joints?

A

Fractures in rock caused by regional stress or by the cooling and contraction of the rock

Lacks any visible or measurable displacement

Most frequently occur as joint sets and systems

48
Q

How can joints be caused?

A

Can be caused by all three forces: compressive, tensional, and shearing

49
Q

How can faults be caused?

A

Can be caused by all three forces: compressive, tensional, and shearing

50
Q

What is Dip-slip fault (normal)?

A

relative movement down the fault plane

Tension

Normal

block slide down in relation to other

Extension of the section

happening along dip

ex. Wasatch fault-Utah

60 degree angle

51
Q

What is Strike-slip fault?

A

Movement is horizontal, parallel to the strike of the fault plane

sideaways

Shearing forces

SAN ANDRES FAULT (still active)

52
Q

What is transform fault?

A

A strike slip fault that forms a plate boundry

53
Q

What is oblique-slip fault

A

Movement along strike and simultaneously up or down dip

Combination of forces
Shear and Tension

54
Q

What is Dip-slip fault (reverse)?

A

relative movement up the fault plane

block goes up in relation to the other

Compression

Shortening

happening along dip

Hanging wall moves up the footwall

Fault dip is steeper than 35 degrees

55
Q

What are caused by Dip-slip faults (normal)

A

Rift valley
East African rift valleys, mid-ocean ridges
Rhine river valley
Red Sea rift

56
Q

Right-lateral (dextral) strike-slip fault

A

the block on the other side is displaced to the right

San Andreas

57
Q

Left-lateral (sinistral) fault strike-fault

A

the block on the other side is displaced to the left

58
Q

What s a thrust fault?

A

a low angle reverse fault

a reverse fault where the dip of the fault plane is small, so that overlying block is pushed horizontally

Hanging wall moves up the footwall

Fault dip is less than 35 degrees

transport thrust sheets 100s of kilometers

common in the ocean floor

East-central neveda

59
Q

What is shortening?

A

breaking and one sheet overrides the other
caused by compression

Overthrusts belt (Western USA)

60
Q

What’re blocks classified as on a dipping fault

A

Hanging wall block

Footwall block

61
Q

What is a hanging wall block?

A

Above the fault
Your head is near the hanging wall block

the one that moves

62
Q

What is a footwall block?

A

below the fault

standing on the foot wall block

63
Q

What is a rift?

A

a linear zone where the Earth’s crust and lithosphere are being pulled apart (Tensional forces)

Extensional tectonics

64
Q

What’re typical rift features?

A

Central linear downfaulted depression (graben)

normal faulting

65
Q

What are examples of rifts?

A

The East African Rift (best one)
The Red Sea Rift
Throughout the Basin and Range Province in North America
The Rio Grande Rift in southwestern US

66
Q

What is the denali fault

A

a major intracontinental right lateral strike-slip fault in western North America, extending from northwestern British Columbia, Canada, to the central region of the U.S state of Alaska

67
Q

Dead Sea Transform

A

Left lateral strike slip fault

moved 100km over the last 10 million years

68
Q

What are the Columbia Plateau made of?

A

flood basalts

69
Q

What are horst

A

is the raised fault block bounded by normal faults or graben.

by ranges

70
Q

Teton range

A

flat land followed by a high mountain

Grand Teton

A teton fault caused it

Geology 100 (3 decks)

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