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MOD II Exam 1 > Robbins Chp 7 - Neoplasia > Flashcards

Robbins Chp 7 - Neoplasia Flashcards

1
Q

APC

A

Tumor suppressor gene
Fxn - inhibitor of WNT signaling
Familial syndrome - familial colonic polyps & carcinomas
Cancers - carcinomas of stomach, colon, pancreas, melanoma

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2
Q

NF1

A

Tumor suppressor gene
Fxn - inhibitor of RAS/MAPK signaling
Familial syndrome - neurofibromatosis type I (neurofibromas and peripheral nerve sheath tumors)
Cancers - neuroblastoma, juvenile myeloid leukemia

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3
Q

NF-2

A

Tumor suppressor gene
Protein - Merlin
Fxn - cytoskeletal stability; Hippo pathway signaling
Familial syndromes - neurofibromatosis type 2 (acoustic Schwannoma and meningioma)
Cancer - Schwannoma, meningioma

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4
Q

PTCH

A 
Tumor suppressor gene
Protein - Patched
Fxn - inhibitor of hedgehog signaling
Familial syndrome - Gorlin syndrome
Cancer - basal cell carcinoma, medulloblastoma
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5
Q

VHL

A

Tumor suppressor gene
Fxn - inhibitor of hypoxia-induced transcription factors
Familial syndromes - Von Hippel Lindsay syndrome (cerebellar hamngioblastoma, retinal angiosarcoma, renal cell carcinoma)
Cancer - renal cell carcinoma

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6
Q

CDH1

A

Tumor suppressor gene
Protein - E-Cadherin
Fxn - cell adhesion, inhibition of cell motility
Familial syndromes - familial gastric cancer
Cancer - gastric carcinoma, lobular breast carcinoma

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7
Q

TP53

A

Tumors suppressor gene
Fxn - cell cycle arrest and apoptosis in response to DNA damage
Familial syndromes - Li-Fraumeni syndrome (diverse cancers)
Cancers - most human cancers

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8
Q

BRCA1, BRCA2

A

Tumor suppressor genes
Fxn - repair of double-stranded breaks in DNA
Familial syndromes - familial breast and ovarian carcinoma; carcinomas of male breasts; chronic lymphocytic leukemia (BRCA2)
Cancers - rare

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9
Q

MSH2, MCH1, MSH6

A

Tumor suppressor genes
Fxn: DNA mismatch repair
Familial syndromes - hereditary nonpolyposis colon carcinoma
Cancer - colonic and endometrial carcinoma

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10
Q

WT1

A

Tumor suppressor genes
Fxn - transcription factor
Familial syndrome - familial Wilms tumor
Cancer - Wilms tumor, certain leukemias

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11
Q

PDGFB

A

Growth factor oncogene
Fxn - platelet-derived growth factor
Mech - overexpression, autocrine loop
Tumor - astrocytoma

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12
Q

ERBB2 [HER2/neu]

A

Growth factor receptor oncogene
Fxn - epidermal growth factor receptor
Mech - amplification
Tumor - subset of breast carcinoma and gastric carcinoma

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13
Q

RET

A

Neural growth factor receptor oncogene
Mech - point mutation
Tumor - MEN2A, MEN2B and sporadic medullary carcinoma of thyroid

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14
Q

KIT

A

Stem cell growth factor receptor oncogene
Mech - point mutation
Tumor - Gi stromal tumor

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15
Q

RAS gene family

A

Special transducer oncogene
Fxn - GTP-binding protein
Mech - point mutation
Tumor - carcinomas, melanoma, and lymphoma

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16
Q

ABL

A

Special transducer oncogene
Fxn - tyrosine kinase
Mech - t(9;22) with BCR
Tumor - CML and sometimes ALL

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17
Q

C-MYC

A

Nuclear receptor oncogene
Fxn - transcription actor
Mech - t(8;14) involving IgH
Tumor - Burkitt lymphoma

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18
Q

N-Myc

A

Nuclear receptor oncogene
Fxn - transcription factor
Mech - amplification
Tumor - neuroblastoma

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19
Q

L-Myc

A

Nuclear receptor oncogene
Fxn - transcription factor
Mech - amplification
Tumor - lung carcinoma (small cell)

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20
Q

CCND1 (cyclin D1)

A

Cell cycle regulator oncogene
Fxn - cyclin
Mech - t(11;14) involving IgH
Tumor - mantle cell lymphoma

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21
Q

CDK4

A

Cell cycle regulator oncogene
Fxn - cyclin-dependent kinase
Mech - amplification
Tumor - melanoma

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22
Q

ALK

A

Gene product - receptor tyrosine kinase

Neoplasm - lung adenocarcinoma

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23
Q

BCL-2

A

Gene product - anti-apoptotic molecule

Neoplasm - follicular and diffuse B cell lymphoma

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24
Q

BRAF

A

Gene produce - serine/threonine kinase

Neoplasm - melanoma, non-Hodgkin lymphoma, papillary thyroid carcinoma

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25
Q

KRAS

A

Gene product - GTPase

Neoplasm - colon cancer, lung cancer, pancreatic cancer

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26
Q

Chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML) - translocation and affected gene?

A

(9;22) (q34;q11)
ABL 9q34
BCR 22q11

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27
Q

Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) - translocation and affected genes?

A

(8;21) (q22;q22)
(15;17)(q22;q21)
AML

28
Q

Burkitt lymphoma - translocation and affected genes?

A

(8;14)(q24;q32)
cMYC
IgH

29
Q

Mantle cell lymphoma - translocations and affected genes?

A

(11;14)(q13;q32)
CCND1
IgH

30
Q

Follicular lymphoma - translocations and affected genes?

A

(14;18)(q32;q21)
IgH
BCL2

31
Q

PSA serum tumor marker - indicates what cancer?

A

Prostate cancer

Can also be increased in BPH

32
Q

LEA serum tumor marker - other name and cancer it indicates?

A

Carcinoembryonic Ag

Carcinomas of stomach, pancreas, colon, and breast

33
Q

AFP serum tumor marker - stands for what and indicates what cancers?

A

Alpha-fetoprotein

Hepatocellular carcinoma, hepatoblastoma, yolk sac tumor, teratocarcinomas

34
Q

HCG tumor marker indicates what cancer?

A

Testicular tumors and hydratidiform mole

35
Q

CA-125 tumor marker indicates what cancer?

A

Ovarian cancer

36
Q

Immunoglobulin tumor marker indicates what cancer?

A

Multiple myeloma, secretary plasma cell tumors

37
Q

TP53 tumor marker indicates what cancer?

A

Bladder cancer, head/neck cancers, colon and pancreatic cancers

38
Q

How do you collect samples for TP53 tumor marker?

A

Bladder - collect with urine
Head/neck - collect with saliva
Colon and pancreatic - collect with stool/serum

39
Q

EBV is associated with what cancers?

A

Burkitt lymphoma, Hodgkin lymphoma, nasopharyngeal carcinoma, primary CNS lymphoma (in immunocompromised patients)

40
Q

HBV, HCV is associated with what cancers?

A

Hepatocellular carcinoma

41
Q

HHV-8 is associated with what cancers?

A

Kaposi sarcoma

42
Q

HPV is associated with what cancers?

A

Cervical and penile/anal carcinoma (types 16,18), head and neck cancer

43
Q

H pylori is associated with what cancers?

A

Gastric adenocarcinoma and MALT lymphoma

44
Q

HTLV-1 is associated with what cancers?

A

Adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma

45
Q

Schistosomiasis naematobium is associated with what cancers?

A

Bladder cancer (squamous cell)

46
Q

Arsenic leads to what cancers?

A

Lung carcinoma, skin carcinoma

47
Q

Asbestos leads to what cancers?

A

Lung, esophageal, gastric, and colon carcinomas; mesothelioma

48
Q

Benzene leads to what cancers? And is found where?

A

AML

Printing, lithography, paint, rubber, dry cleaning, adhesives, detergents

49
Q

Beryllium leads to what cancers and is found where?

A

Lung carcinoma

Missile fuels, space vehicles, nuclear reactors

50
Q

Cadmium leads to what cancer and is found where?

A

Prostate carcinoma

Yellow pigments, batteries

51
Q

Chromium leads to what cancers and is found where?

A

Lung carcinoma

Metal alloys, pigments, preservatives

52
Q

Nickel leads to what cancers?

A

Lung carcinoma, oropharyngeal carcinoma

53
Q

Radon leads to what cancers and is found where?

A

Lung carcinoma

Quarries and underground mines

54
Q

Vinyl chloride leads to what cancers and is found where?

A

Hepatic angiosarcoma

Refrigerant, adhesives for plastics, aerosal propellant, PVC pipes

55
Q

In what cancers could you see Cushing Syndrome and what is the mechanism?

A

Small cell lung, pancreatic carcinoma, neural tumors

increased ACTH, pro-opiomelanocortin

56
Q

In what cancers could you see hypercalcemia and by what mechanism?

A

Squamous cell carcinoma of lung, head and neck; renal, breast carcinoma, lymphoma
PTHrP

57
Q

In what cancers could you see SIADH and what is the mechanism?

A

Small cell lung, intracranial

Increased ADH

58
Q

In what cancers could you see polycythemia and what is the mechanism?

A

(Polycythemia = increased Hg with increase in RBC #s)
Renal cell carcinoma, cerebellar hemangioma, hepatocellular carcinoma
Increased EPO

59
Q

In what cancers could you see myasthenia and what is the mechanism?

A

Bronchogenic carcinoma, thymic neoplasms

Abs against postsynaptic Ach receptors at NMJ

60
Q

In what cancers could you see acathosis nigricans and what is the mechanism?

A

(Hyperpigmented velvety plaques in axilla and neck)
Gastric carcinoma, lung carcinoma, uterine carcinoma
Immunologic; secretion of epidermal growth factor

61
Q

In what cancers could you see hypertrophic osteoarthropathy and clubbing of the fingers?

A

Bronchogenic carcinoma, thymic neoplasms

62
Q

In what cancers could you see Trosseau phenomenon and what is the mechanism?

A

Pancreatic and bronchogenic carcinoma

Tumor products activating clotting

63
Q

In what cancers could you see DIC and what is the mechanism?

A

AML, prostatic carcinoma

Tumor products activate clotting

64
Q

In what cancers could you see non bacterial thrombotic endocarditis and what is the mechanism?

A

Pancreatic adenocarcinoma

Hypercoagulability

65
Q

In what cancer could you see red cell aplasia?

A

(Anemia with low reticulocytes (immature RBCs))

Thymic neoplasms

66
Q

How do tumor suppressor genes become mutated?

A

Need two mutations

67
Q

How do oncogenes become mutated?

A

Only need one mutation

MOD II Exam 1 (2 decks)

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