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BPS Exam Study > Robbins Chapter 9 > Flashcards

Robbins Chapter 9 Flashcards

1
Q

Effects of ozone on health

A 
Decreased lung function
Increased airway reactivity 
Lung inflammation
Decreased exercise capacity 
Increased hospitalisations (asthma patients)
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2
Q

Effects of particulate matter on health

A

Increased respiratory infections (children)
Decreased lung function (individuals with chronic lung of heart disease)
Excess mortality and increased attacks in asthma patients

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3
Q

Acute poisoning by this agent is marked by a characteristic generalised cherry-red colour of the skin and mucous membranes

A

Carbon monoxide

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4
Q

Can slowly cause hypoxia and insidiously evoke widespread ischaemic changes in the CNS; particularly marked in the basal ganglia and lenticular nuclei

A

Carbon monoxide - chronic poisoning

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5
Q

Used in the manufacture or building materials and may accumulate in air in poorly ventilated housing
At concentrations over 0.1ppm, causes breathing difficulties and burning sensation in the eyes and throat; can trigger asthma attacks
Classified as a carcinogen

A

Formaldehyde

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6
Q

Readily absorbed metal that binds to sulfhydryl groups in proteins and interferes with calcium metabolism
Effects that lead to haematological, skeletal, neurological, GI and renal toxicities

A

Lead

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7
Q

This metal binds to sulfhydryl groups in certain proteins with high affinity, leading to damage in CNS and kidney

A

Mercury

similar to lead

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8
Q

Toxicities of this metal are most prominent in the GI tract, nervous system, skin and heart
Excess -> interference with mitochrondrial oxidative phosphorylation and the function of a variety of proteins
Long term exposure causes skin lesions and carcinomas

A

Arsenic

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9
Q

This metal is preferentially toxic to the kidneys and the lungs (causes obstructive lung disease) through uncertain mechanisms that may involve increased production of ROS

A

Cadmium

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10
Q

4 Heavy metals most commonly associated with toxic effects in humans

A

Lead
Mercury
Arsenic
Cadmium

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11
Q

Excess causes CNS defects in children and peripheral neueropathy in adults
Interferes with the remodeling of cartilage and causes anaemia by interfering with haemoglobin synthesis

A

Lead

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12
Q

Disease characterised by cerebral palsy, deafness and blindness
Due to high levels of mercury exposure in utero

A

Minamata disease

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13
Q

The direct product of alcohol oxidation. Has many toxic effects and is responsible for some of the acute effects of alcohol

A

Acetaldehyde

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14
Q

Produced by metabolism of ethanol in the liver by CYP21

A

Reactive oxygen species

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15
Q

Alcohol oxidation by alcohol dehydrogenase causes the reduction of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) to ..?

A

NADH

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16
Q

Depletion of this in cases of excess alcohol leads to accumulation of fat in the liver and metabolic acidosis

A

NAD

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17
Q

Highly reactive metabolite that causes hepatocellular injury in cases of acetaminophen overdoses

A

NAPQI

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18
Q

How does ionising radiation injure cells?

A

Directly or indirectly by generating free radicals from water or molecular oxygen

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19
Q

Develops when the diet is severely lacking in calories

A

Marasmus

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20
Q

Occurs when protein deprivation is relatively greater than the reduction in total calories

A

Kwashiorkor

21
Q

Form of malnutrition characterised by hypoalbuminaemia, generalised oedema, fatty liver, skin changes and defects in immunity

A

Kwashiorkor

22
Q

Form of malnutrition characterised by emaciation resulting from loss of muscle mass and fat with relative preservation of serum albumin.

A

Marasmus

23
Q

Vitamin required for vision, epithelial differentiation and immune function

A

Vitamin A

24
Q

Vitamin which functions to maintain adequate plasma levels of calcium and phosphorus to support metabolic functions, bone mineralisation and neuromuscular transmission

A

Vitamin D

25
Q

Deficiency of this vitamin leads to the development of scurvy (bone diseases in growing children and haemorrhages and healing defects in children/adults)

A

Vitamin C

26
Q

This vitamin functions to activate prolyl and lysyl hydoxylases from inactive precursos, providing for hydroxylation of procollagen (required for collagen synthesis)

A

Vitamin C

27
Q

Output of this by adipose tissues is increased by the abundance of fat stores. Binds to its receptors in the hypothalamus and decreased appetite and increased energy consumption by stimulating POMC/CART neurons and inhibiting NPY/AgRP neurons

A

Leptin

28
Q

Hormone produced in the stomach and functions to increase food intake (orexigenic effect)

A

Ghrelin

29
Q

Oxidation of alcohol by alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH) takes place in which part of the cell

A

Cytosol

30
Q

Oxidation of acetylaldehyde by ALDH takes place in which part of the cell

A

Mitochondria

31
Q

3 enzyme systems involved in the metabolism of alcohol?

A
  • Alcohol dehydrogenase (cytosol)
  • cytochrome P-450 isoenzymes (CYP2E1)
  • catalase
32
Q

This metal interferes with two enzymes involved in haem synthesis (ferrochelatase and delta-aminolevulinic acid) leading to microcytosis and anaemia. May also cause haemolysis

A

Lead

33
Q

Excess amounts impair remodeling of calcified cartilage and primary bone trabeculae in the epiphyses in children, causing increased bone density detected as radiodense lines on imaging

A

Lead

34
Q

Exposure to this metal increases risk for the development of cancers, particularly lung, bladder and skin

A

Arsenic

35
Q

Occupational and environmental pollutant generated by mining, electroplating, production of some batteries.
Toxic effects require uptake into cells via transporters such as ZIP8.

A

Cadmium

36
Q

Likely mechanism by which cadmium causes cell damage

A

Generation of ROS

37
Q

Give two examples of non-pesticide organochlorides

A 
Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) 
Dioxin
38
Q

Organochlorides that can cause skin disorders such as folliculitis and chloracne

A

PCBs and Dioxins

39
Q

Organochloride used in pesticides. Acute poisoning can cause neurological toxicity

A

DDT

40
Q

What is chloroform converted to when reacts with air?

A

Phosgene (COCl2 carbonyl chloride)

41
Q

Released during the combustion of coal and gas
Presence in PM2.5
Among the most potent carcinogens. Implicated in lung and bladder cancer

A

Polycyclic hydrocarbons

42
Q

Organic solvent associated with increased risk of leukaemia

A

Benzene

43
Q

Uptake of vitamin A into the liver takes place via which receptor?

A

Apolipoprotein E receptor

44
Q

How is retinol (vitamin A) transported to the liver?

A

In chylomicrons

45
Q

What does vitamin A bind to before release from the liver?

A

Retinol binding protein (RBP)

46
Q

Vitamin important in the orderly differentiation of mucus-secreting epithelium

A

Vitamin A

47
Q

Name 4 key functions of vitamin A

A
  1. Maintenance of normal vision
  2. Regulation of cell growth/differentiation
  3. Regulation of lipid metabolism
  4. Enhancing immunity to infections
48
Q

Name 2 therapeutic applications of vitamin A

A
  • Skin disorders

- Acute promyelocytic leukaemia (vitamin A binds the PML-RARalpha fusion protein)

BPS Exam Study (12 decks)

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