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Skin > Robbins > Flashcards

Robbins Flashcards

1
Q

most common pigmented lesions of childhood in lightly pigmented individuals

A

Freckle (Ephelis)

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2
Q

essential histologic feature is linear (nonnested) melanocytic hyperplasia

A

lentigo

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3
Q

Melanocytic nevi (known colloquially as moles) are common benign neoplasms caused in most cases by acquired activating mutations in ____ and ____

A

NRAS and BRAF

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4
Q

melanocytic nevi which consist of aggregates or nests of round cells that grow along the dermoepidermal junction

A

junctional nevi

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5
Q

event where nevi acquire fusiform contours and grow in fascicles resembling neural tissue

A

neurotization

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6
Q

conventional nevi, frequently have acquired activating mutations in the NRAS and BRAF genes, what are the additional mutations in dysplastic nevi? (2)

A

CDKN2A and CDK4

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7
Q

T/F dysplastic nevi occur only on sun-exposed body surfaces.

A

False

they occur on both sun-exposed and protected body surfaces

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8
Q

most deadly of all skin cancers and is strongly linked to acquired mutations caused by exposure to UV radiation in sunlight

A

melanoma

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9
Q

frequent “driver” mutations in melanoma (3)

A

Mutations that disrupt cell cycle control genes - CDKN2A

Mutations that activate pro-growth signaling pathways - RAS and PI3K/AKT pathway

Mutations that activate telomerase - TERT

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10
Q

most commonly mutated gene identified in melanoma

A

TERT

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11
Q

phase in melanoma growth wherein it still lacks the capability to metastasize

A

radial growth phase

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12
Q

melanoma growth phase during which the tumor cells invade downward into the deep dermis as an expansile mass and is heraleded by the appearance of a nodule

A

vertical growth phase

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13
Q

mutation found in many sporadic seborrheic keratoses and are thought to drive the growth of the tumor

A

FGFR3

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14
Q

Seborrheic keratoses may suddenly appear in large numbers as part of this paraneoplastic syndrome

A

Leser-Trélat sign

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15
Q

marked by thickened, hyperpigmented skin with a velvet-like texture that sometimes appears as a paraneoplatic syndrome usually gi adenocarcinoma

A

Acanthosis nigricans

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16
Q

the familial form of Acanthosis nigricans is associated with germline activating mutations in

A

FGFR3

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17
Q

multiple trichilemmomas are associated with what syndrome?

A

Cowden syndrome

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18
Q

composed of islands of cells resembling the normal epidermal or adnexal basal cell layer (basaloid cells).These islands fit together like pieces of a jigsaw puzzle within a fibrous dermal matrix

A

cylindroma

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19
Q

proliferation of basaloid cells that forms primitive structures resembling hair follicles

A

trichoepithelioma

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20
Q

shows a lobular proliferation of sebocytes with increased peripheral basaloid cells and more mature sebocytes in the central portion that have frothy or bubbly cytoplasm due to the presence of lipid vesicles

A

sebaceous adenoma

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21
Q

composed of basaloid cells that show trichilemmal or hair-like differentiation similar to that seen in the germinal portion of the normal hair bulb in the anagen growth phase

A

pilomatrixoma

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22
Q

shows infiltrative cells with ductal differentiation with prominent decapitation secretion similar to that seen in the normal apocrine gland

A

apocrine carcinoma

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23
Q

most important cause of cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma is

A

DNA damage induced by exposure to UV light

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24
Q

premalignant lesion that occurs in sun damaged skin

A

actinic keratosis

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25
Q

Basal cell carcinoma is a distinctive locally aggressive cutaneous tumor that is associated with mutations that activate the ____ pathway

A

Hedgehog signaling pathway

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26
Q

most common invasive cancer in humans

A

basal cell carcinoma

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27
Q

gene associated with nevoid basal cell carcinoma syndrome (NBCCS) (also known as basal cell nevus or Gorlin syndrome)

A

PTCH (patched)

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28
Q

invasive cords and islands of variably basophilic cells with hyperchromatic nuclei, embedded in a mucinous matrix and often surrounded by many fibroblasts and lymphocytes. The cells at the periphery of the tumor cell islands tend to be arranged radially with their long axes in parallel alignment

A

basal cell carcinoma, nodular type

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29
Q

These tumors consist of benign, spindle-shaped cells that are usually arranged in a well-defined, nonencapsulated mass within the mid-dermis

A

dermatofibroma

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30
Q

best regarded as a well-differentiated, primary fibrosarcoma of the skin. It is composed of closely packed fibroblasts arranged radially, a pattern referred to as storiform. Mitoses are rare. The overlying epidermis is generally thinned. Deep extension from the dermis into subcutaneous fat, producing a characteristic “honeycomb” pattern, is frequently seen

A

Dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans

31
Q

The molecular hallmark of dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans is a translocation involving the genes __ and ___ and leads to overexpression and increased secretion of ____

A

COL1A1 and PDGFB, PDGFB

32
Q

Histologic landmark of cutaneous T-cell lymphoma (CTCL) is the presence of atypical cells that characteristically form band-like aggregates within the superficial dermis and invade the epidermis as single cells and small clusters called

A

Pautrier microabscesses

33
Q

encompasses a spectrum of rare disorders characterized by increased numbers of mast cells in the skin and, in some instances, in other organs as well

A

mastocytosis

34
Q

Many cases of mastocytosis have acquired activating point mutations in

A

KIT

35
Q

mass forming increase in mast cells around superficial dermal blood vessels to large numbers of tightly packed mast cells in the upper to mid-dermis

A

mastocytoma

36
Q

Granules in mast cells may be visualized with

A

toluidine blue or giemsa

37
Q

X-linked ichthyosis is caused by a deficiency of

A

steroid sulfatase

38
Q

exhibit a buildup of compacted stratum corneum that is associated with loss of the normal basket-weave pattern and there is generally little or no inflammation

A

ichthyosis

39
Q

Eczematous dermatitis typically results from this type of hypersensitivity

A

T cell– mediated inflammatory reactions (type IV hypersensitivity)

40
Q

a lymphoma of skin-homing CD4+ T-helper cells that presents in the skin

A

mycosis fungoides

41
Q

characterized by keratinocyte injury mediated by skin-homing CD8+ cytotoxic T lymphocytes

A

Erythema multiforme

42
Q

typical lesion is a well-demarcated, pink to salmon-colored plaque covered by loosely adherent silver-white scale. There is increased epidermal cell proliferation results in marked epidermal thickening (acanthosis), with regular downward elongation of the rete ridges sometimes described as appearing like test tubes in a rack

A

psoriasis

43
Q

skin layer that is thinned or absent in psoriasis

A

stratum granulosum

44
Q

In psoriasis the abnormal proximity of vessels within the dermal papillae to the overlying parakeratotic scale accounts for the characteristic clinical phenomenon of multiple, minute, bleeding points when the scale is lifted from the plaque and this is called

A

Auspitz sign

45
Q

Characteristic of psoriasis is the finding of neutrophils forming small aggregates within the superficial epidermis called _____ and the parakeratotic stratum corneum called _____

A

spongiform pustules, munro microabscesses

46
Q

a chronic inflammatory dermatosis classically involves regions with a high density of sebaceous glands

A

seborrheic dermatitis

47
Q

lesions can be induced in susceptible individuals by local trauma, a process known as

A

Koebner phenomenon

48
Q

Koebner phenomenon can be observed in __ and ____

A

psoriasis and lichen planus

49
Q

papules of lichen planus are often highlighted by white dots or lines called

A

Wickham striae

50
Q

Lichen planus is characterized histologically by a dense, continuous infiltrate of lymphocytes along the dermoepidermal junction called

A

interface dermatitis

51
Q

a blistering disorder caused by autoantibodies that result in the dissolution of intercellular attachments within the epidermis and mucosal epithelium

A

Pemphigus

52
Q

are functionally interchangeable components of desmosomes but have different distributions within the epidermis (2)

A

Desmoglein 1 and 3 (Dsg1 and Dsg3)

53
Q

T/F Dsg3 is most abundant in the superficial skin

A

False, more abundant in the basal layer

54
Q

T/F Dsg1 is most abundant in the superficial skin

A

True

55
Q

pemphigus type where in autoantibodies against Dsg1 and Dsg3 cause blisters in the deep suprabasal epidermis

A

pemphygus vulgaris

56
Q

pemphigus type where in autoantibodies target Dsg1 only

A

pemphigus foliaceus

57
Q

lesions where in autoantibodies bind BPAG2, a component of the hemidesmosomes, leading to blister formation at the level of the lamina lucida of the basement membrane

A

bullous pemphigoid

58
Q

lesion where in IgA autoantibodies attach to the fibrils that anchor hemidesmosomes to the dermis

A

dematitis herpetiformis

59
Q

pemphigus associated with various malignancies, most commonly non-Hodgkin lymphoma.

A

Paraneoplastic pemphigus

60
Q

T/F All forms of pemphigus are autoimmune diseases caused by IgG autoantibodies against desmogleins that disrupt intercellular adhesions and result in the formation of blisters.

A

True

61
Q

common histologic feature in all forms of pemphigus is

A

acantholysis

62
Q

identification of subepidermal, nonacantholytic blisters points to

A

bullous pemphigoid

63
Q

protein target of antibodies in bullous pemphogoid

A

BPAG2

64
Q

Lesion where in fibrin and neutrophils accumulate selectively at the tips of dermal papillae, forming small microabscesses. The basal cells overlying these microabscesses show vacuolization and focal dermoepidermal separation that ultimately coalesce to form a true subepidermal blister. By direct immunofluorescence, it shows discontinuous, granular deposits of IgA that selectively localize in the tips of dermal papillae

A

dermatitis herpetiformis

65
Q

blanket term for a group of disorders caused by inherited defects in structural proteins that lend mechanical stability to the skin. The common feature is a proclivity to form blisters at sites of pressure, rubbing, or trauma, at or soon after birth.

A

epidermolysis bullosa

66
Q

Cutaneous manifestations consist of urticaria and vesicles associated with scarring that are exacerbated by exposure to sunlight. The vesicles are subepidermal in location, and the adjacent dermis contains vessels with walls that are thickened by glassy deposits of serum proteins, including immunoglobulins

A

porphyria

67
Q

acne type composed of open and closed comedones

A

non-inflammatory acne

68
Q

stage of rosacea where there is permanent thickening of the nasal skin by confluent erythematous papules and prominent follicles

A

rhinophyma

69
Q

individuals with rosacea have high cutaneous levels of the antimicrobial peptide ____

A

cathelicidin

70
Q

inflammatory reaction in the subcutaneous adipose tissue that may preferentially affect the lobules of fat or the connective tissue that separates fat into lobules

A

Panniculitis

71
Q

is a form of secondary panniculitis caused by self-inflicted trauma or injection of foreign or toxic substances

A

Factitial panniculitis

72
Q

squamoproliferative lesions caused by human papillomaviruses (HPVs)

A

Verrucae

73
Q

lesions show cup-like verrucous epidermal hyperplasia.The diagnostically specific structure is a large (up to 35 μm), ellipsoid, homogeneous, cytoplasmic inclusion that is found in the cells of the stratum granulosum and the stratum corneum

A

molluscum contagiosum

74
Q

The pathogenesis of blister formation in impetigo is related to bacterial production of a toxin that specifically cleaves ____

A

Dmg1

Skin (1 decks)

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