Robbin

Question 1

What is the function of kidney?

Answer 1

Excretion
Regulation of salt nd water
Secretion of hormones
Maintainance of acid balance

Question 2

Diseases of kidney are four types dividing

Answer 2

Glomoruli
Tubules
Intertitium
Blood vessels

Question 3

Some structures are more valnerable to specific from of injury tell the exmple

Answer 3

Glomeruli isalways immune mediated while tubular and interstitum is toxic and infe tious agent

Question 4

Some disorders effect more than one structure

Answer 4

Glomerular damage impairs flow of peritubular while destructiom of tubules invcrease pressure of glomeruli and some cytokines my induce glomerular sclerosis

Question 5

What azotemia and what it reflects

Answer 5

Is elevation of blood urea nitrogen and creatinine and usually reflects decreased GFR

Question 6

What is a pre renal azotemia

Answer 6

When there is hypo perfusion of kidneys which decreases GFR in the absence of paranchymal damage

Question 7

Postrenal azotemia

Answer 7

When urine flow is obstructed

Question 8

When azotemia gives rise to clinical manifestations and biochemical abnormalities is called

Answer 8

Uremia

Question 9

It charecterized by not only failure of excretory function but also host metabolic and endocrine function

Answer 9

Uremia

Question 10

Nephritic syndrome

Answer 10

Results from glomeruli injury and is dominated by grossly visible hemuria ,mild to moderate protien uria ,azotemia edema and hypertension and its the classic presentation acute post streptococcal glomerulonephritis

Question 11

Nephrotic syndrome

Answer 11

Iis charectrized by heavy protein urea(3.5g)/day ,hypoalbuinemia, severe edema hyperlipidemia and lipidurea

Question 12

Asyptomatic hemuria or non nephrotic protien urea

Answer 12

Combination of these is usually manifestation of mild glomerular abnormalities

Question 13

Rapidly progressive glomorulo nephritis

Answer 13

Its associated severe glomorelar injuryand results loss of renal function

Question 14

Acute kidney injury

Answer 14

Its dominated by oligo urea or anurea recent onset of azotemia

Question 15

Chronic kidney disase

Answer 15

Prolonged signs and syptoms of uremiaresults progressive scaring

Question 16

Urinary tract infection

Answer 16

Bacteriauria and pyuria
It can be pyelonephritis or cytitis

Question 17

Nephrolithiasis

Answer 17

Renal stones wich is manifestated by colic hematuria reccurent stones

Question 18

Renal diseases in glomoreli are important because

Answer 18

They contian anastomising capilleriesries andtwo epithelium

Question 19

The glomerular capillary wall is filteration unit and consist

Answer 19

Thin layer of endothelial
Glomerular Basement menbrane
Podocytes
Messengial cells

Question 20

Glomerular barrier function

Answer 20

Is a barrier Because of glomeruli filteration is not permeable to large size and charged molecules

Question 23

Mechanism of glomerular injury

Answer 23

Usually immune mediated
1=antigen antibodies complex
2=antiboes reacting with the glomerulas

Question 24

Glomerulonephritis caused by circulating immune complexes

Answer 24

Innocent by stander bc donot react
The antogen my be endogeneous or exogeneous
Antigen antibodies comples cause injury by actvation complement and the recruitment of leukocytes
Through fc portion

Question 25

The glomerular lesions consist

Answer 25

Leukocytic infiltration
Proliferation of endothelial, apethelial and mesengial

Question 26

As electron microscope immune complexes deposits in three sites

Answer 26

Mesengium
Between endothelial cells
GBM

Question 27

Difference between short lived and long livsed antigen

Question 28

Glomerulonephrites caused by in situ immune complexes

Answer 28

Antibody deposition is the major pathway of glemurular imjury

Question 29

Antibodies my directly reacted

Answer 29

Fixed or planted antigen
Or planted nonglomerular antigen such as nucleosomal complexes and endestroptosin