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Marine Environment > Rob 2 > Flashcards

Rob 2 Flashcards

1
Q

What is a main coastal hazard

A

we live to close to the coast

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2
Q

What is the key criteria for a natural coastal hazard?

A

A natural process -Cost expense and lives

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3
Q

How long do short term coastal hazards last

A

sec/min -> hours/days

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4
Q

Bodysurfing and the law

A

Shore break is dangerous - guy swain - break neck - sue- red/yellow flags - now said that the individual has to recognise obvious and foreseeable risks

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5
Q

Short term coastal hazards

A

Water depth

  • breaking waves
  • shark
  • tsunami
  • storm surge
  • Rip currect
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6
Q

Explain how breaking waves are a short term coastal hazard

A

After car accidents, beaches are the 2nd most common location/cause of spinal injuries in Aus. Dependent on beach morphology, e.g. coogee biggest amount of spinal injuries because it has a lot of plunging waves

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7
Q

Shark fatalities in Aus and global

A

Aus - 0.8

Global - 4

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8
Q

Tsunami

A
  • Not related to tides
  • high fatalities
  • NSW at low risk bc big continental shelve
  • fast multiple waves with long length and period
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9
Q

What are tsunami’s a consequence of?

A

Under sea earthquakes, volcano’s and landslides

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10
Q

E.g. of tsunami

A

Thailand Boxing day 2004

-Japan 2011

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11
Q

Indicator of a tsunami is -

A

-> oceans getting sucked out!

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12
Q

Curious case of maldives

A

Tsunami just went straight over the maldives - corruption - govt. exaggerated the problem to get money!

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13
Q

Storm surge : cyclone /hurricane

A

Cause huge waves

  • Elevate sea level/wave set up
  • Related to air pressure and wind stress
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14
Q

What do storm surge include

A

Hurricanes and cylones

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15
Q

What can storm surge cost

A

Life’s and $$

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16
Q

What type of coastal hazard is a rip current?

A

A short term hazard

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17
Q

Rips role in surf rescues..

A

In Aus rips are estimated to be a factor in ~80% of the estimated yearly 15,000 rescues

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18
Q

How many people die from rips each year

A

20-30 fatal drowings in Aus each year

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19
Q

What is the problem with rips-

A

most beach goers don’t know what they are!

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20
Q

surf zone

A

the region of breaking waves

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21
Q

Rob’s suggestion on rips

A

Instead of teaching people how to get out of rips! teach them how to avoid them in the first place

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22
Q

What is the conventional advice if u get caught in a rip

A

-dont panic -dont swim against the rip - swim parallel to the beach -stay afloat and signal for help

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23
Q

What did robs gps and swimmer research study find?

A

Floating can lead to exits or long periods afloat

-swimming parallel is a coin toss in terms of if it will be effective!

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24
Q

What did rob’s study suggest about rip currents?

A

That rip current flow behaviour is very complex

  • On the same beach there are large variations between rips
  • There are different types of rips
  • a single rip can change over time and space
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25
Q

What message did rob’s research suggest was appropriate?

A

A combined approach! No single message is good enough!

26
Q

Describe the social research project..

A

Look at the demographics, surf knowledge and behavioural responses and experiences of rip current survivors! In order to aid appropriate rip current safety messages and education

27
Q

How was the social research project conducted

A

online and face to face surverys at coastal parks and beaches ect. Interviewed all abilities of swimmers!

28
Q

Science of the surf (SOS)

A

presentatons since 2001 now given to over 50,000 adults

  • awards
  • media coverage
  • visually powerful explanation of surf safety
29
Q

Social research found

A

-most people are ignorant /uneducated on rip currents
-most people are unaware of the severity of the hazard
-some just dont care
BUT THE AVERAGE BEACH GOER DOESNT WANT TO DROWN!

30
Q

2 challenges with the science communication

A
  • how to communicate complex info to public

- how to make beachgoers care and motivate them to follow instructions

31
Q

DArk gaps =

A

rips

32
Q

good way to teach people about rips

A
  • visuals -dye
33
Q

Seems to be working

A

..there has been a confirmed drop in rip current induced fatalities since 2004!

34
Q

How long do long term coastal hazards last

A

Months, years, decades, centuries and longer

35
Q

What are long term coastal hazards

A

-Sea level rise -Storminess -Erosion

36
Q

Sea level rise as a long term coastal hazard

A

Problem isn’t that the beaches are going to disappear because they will just move back! The problem is that we have built to close to the sea

37
Q

Storminess as a long term coastal hazard!

A

The magnitude and frequency of storm events and the relationship with the volume of sand on beaches and the recovery times

38
Q

Key e.g. of storminess

A

East coast cyclone - damage coogee and bondi

39
Q

Storminess and climate change

A

Storminess related events have increased with climate change

40
Q

Erosion as a long term coastal hazard quote

A

there is no erosion problem till a structure is built on a shoreline

41
Q

Erosion costs .. (e.g.)

A

money and lives (narrow sand spit in the gulf of mexico)

42
Q

Why is coastal management important?

A

Because 80% of the worlds population lives on the coast!

43
Q

What makes up the framework for coastal management

A

Policy, planning, practice

44
Q

Policy

A

Politics/administration/legislature

45
Q

Planning

A

Resource allocation

46
Q

Practice

A

needed to implicate a idea

47
Q

What happens if policy and planning isn’t happening?

A

You have 4 options

48
Q

What are the 4 options of policy and planning coastal management stratergies aren’t working

A

-No action -retreat and relocate -hard solution -soft solution

49
Q

What are hard and soft solutions ?

A

Shoreline (coastal) engineering

50
Q

What are shoreline coastal engineering?

A

Methods of changing or altering the natural shoreline in an attempt to stabilise it

51
Q

What is a soft engineering strategy!

A

more natural method

52
Q

e.g. of soft shoreline coastal engineering

A

1) dune replenishment, revegetation, renourishment, rehabilitation
2) beach nourishment

53
Q

What is the advantage of dune replenishement/revegetation as a soft shoreline coastal engineering

A

quick, cheap, easy

54
Q

Beach nourishment

A

Requires a sand source

55
Q

Analysis of beach nourishment

A

Expensive - short term answer - requires top up - intial erosion rate is increased by 10%
-need to tailor nourishment strategy to the beach

56
Q

Hard shoreline coastal engineering

A

Involves construction and structures

57
Q

e.g. of hard shoreline coastal engineering

A
  • breakwaters
  • storm surge barrier
  • groynes and jetties
  • sea wall
58
Q

Breakwaters

A

detached barriers which sit off shore parallel to the shoreline

59
Q

Groynes and jetties

A

walls which extend into the ocean

  • aiming to trap long shore drift
  • made of rock, timber, steel
60
Q

Sea wall

A

Vertical wall built back from and parrallel to the shore to protect proerty

61
Q

-ve impacts of sea walls and groynes..

A
  • reflect the wave energy which increases its turbulence
  • enhance long shore and rip currents = more erosion
  • ruin beach
  • dont have long life spans (repair/replacement)
62
Q

New jerseyisation of a coast

A

First place to have a beach resort –> build –> erosion –> build sea wall !end up with a resort but no sea wall

Marine Environment (2 decks)

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