Roads to revolution Flashcards
Renaissance
The term Renaissance is French and means “rebirth.” It was a social movement that began in Italy in the 1300’s and would spread to parts of Northern Europe like France, Germany, England, Spain and other countries in the 1400’s. It would bring about significant change in art, literature, and education as much of Europe was changing politically. The changes that came out of the Renaissance can still be seen today.
Humanism
Humanism was a cultural movement during the Renaissance that focused on the study of the classical works for literature from the ancient world
Classical scholarship
People returned to studying the classical world of the ancient Greeks and Romans. This is known as classical scholarship
Secularism
the Renaissance brought about a movement towards secularism, or the view that religion should not be the center of human affairs.
individualism
The third idea that took hold during the Renaissance was the the principle of individualism. During the Middle Ages, the collective group was more important than the individuals, such as the residents of a manor. This would change as people began to view human worth and the fact that the individual was more important than the larger community.
Christian Humanism
The northern European Renaissance was a bit different than the one in Italy. It focused more on Christian humanism. Whereas traditional humanists focused on studying a variety of topics and humanity in general, Christian humanists focused on the history of Christianity and what they believed to be the law of love revealed by Jesus Christ.
Leonardo da Vinci
One of the greatest Renaissance artists was Leonardo da Vinci. There is a phrase that is sometimes used for a person that has a variety of talents and that is “Renaissance man” or “Renaissance woman.” The original Renaissance man was Leonardo da Vinci. He was not only a talented artist, but also excelled in engineering, architecture, and music
Martin Luther
One man in particular who wanted to see reforms in the Catholic Church in the 1500’s was Martin Luther. Martin Luther was a priest who devoted his life to the church. As a priest, he spent much of his time reading and interpreting the Bible. While studying, he began to question some of the teachings and and practices of the Catholic Church.
95 Theses
Martin Luther decided to nail his list of complaints to the church door in Wittenberg, Germany on October 31, 1517. This list was known as the Ninety-Five Theses because it listed his ninety-five complaints.
Catholic Reformation
a religious movement that transpired in the 1500s throughout Europe. It aimed at reforming the Catholic Church’s corruption and resulted in the creation of Protestantism, a major branch of Christianity
Indulgence
The church was selling indulgences because they were desperate for money. they claimed that they could cleanse your sins and the sins of the dead. they were basically selling tickets to heaven
Protestant Reformation
Martin Luther forced the church to change their ways and stop selling Indulgences
Tragic Necessity
Something that needs to be changed because it does not fit the status quo
Revolution
a forcible overthrow of a government or social order, in favor of a new system.
Watershed Moment
a turning point, the exact moment that changes the direction of an activity or situation.
3 criteria to make an event a revolution
- people must be upset with status quo
- people must present a plan that seems better
- plan must be put in action
French Revolution
the French Revolution was a cataclysmic political shift from eons of tradition, upheaval of social institutions and the broadening of Enlightenment ideals like popular sovereignty and inalienable rights.
National Assembly
By the time the General-Assembly convened at Versailles, the arguments over equal representation turned into hostility between the three estates. When talks over how to run the meetings broke down, the Third Estate decided to meet alone and started calling themselves the National Assembly
The Three Estates
- Church (Zero taxes)
- Nobles (Zero taxes)
- Everyone else (98%) (paid all taxes) (The National Assembly)
King Louis XVI
King Louis XVI (1754-1793) squandered the
wealth of France and brought it to the brink of
bankruptcy. Not only were the royal treasures, drained, but two decades of poor harvests, drought, cattle disease and skyrocketing prices kindled chaos among the peasants throughout the country.
Marie Antoinette
The Queen of France (1774-1793)
Jacobins
a revolutionary political movement that was the most famous political club during the French Revolution
Maximilien Robespierre
Maximilien Robespierre was a radical democrat and key figure in the French Revolution of 1789. Citizens were guillotined by the thousands. Many of the killings were carried out under orders from Robespierre, until his own execution in July 1794, which also ended the Reign of Terror.
Reign of Terror
The Reign of Terror was period that lasted nearly a year where suspected enemies of the revolution were murdered.
Napoleon Bonaparte
Napoleon Bonaparte (1769-1821), also known as Napoleon I, was a French military leader and emperor who conquered much of Europe in the early 19th century. Born on the island of Corsica, Napoleon rapidly rose through the ranks of the military during the French Revolution (1789-1799)
Industrial Revolution
The Industrial Revolution was the transition from creating goods by hand to using machines. Its start and end are widely debated by scholars, but the period generally spanned from about 1760 to 1840.
Child Labor
Child labor, or the use of children as workers, servants and apprentices, has been practiced throughout most of human history, but reached its zenith during the Industrial Revolution. Miserable working conditions including crowded and unclean factories, a lack of safety codes and long hours were the norm.
Arab Spring
The Arab was a series of anti-government protests and rebellions that took place in various Middle Eastern and North African countries starting in late 2010 and early 2011.
Mohamed Bouazizi
Mohamed was considered a martyr after his fruit cart was taken and he was harassed and humiliated. after this set himself on fire in front of a government building and started the Arab Spring.
Refugee
a person who has been forced to leave their country in order to escape war, persecution, or natural disaster
