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Int 2 History > Road To War > Flashcards

Road To War Flashcards

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0
Q

What is the dictionary definition of appeasement?

A

‘An act of pacifying…making substantial concessions to preserve peace’

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1
Q

What was appeasement?

A

Appeasement was the foreign policy followed by Britain in the 1930’s under the rule of Stanley Baldwin(1935-1937) and Neville Chamberlain(1937-1940)

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2
Q

What were the politicians views on appeasement?

A

Many politicians disagreed about whether appeasement was the correct policy to use

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3
Q

Why did appeasement grow?

A

Appeasement grew out of the failure of the League of Nations

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4
Q

What was the job of the League of Nations?

A

To prevent another war

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5
Q

How did the League intend to ensure peace?

A

The league was intended to ensure peace by collective security and disarmament

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6
Q

Why did the League of Nations not succeed?

A

Collective security failed because members of the League were not prepared to get involved with problems that might result in war
Disarmament depended on trust but that collapsed by 1934

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7
Q

Why were Britain concerned about Germany?

A

They were concerned by Germany’s growing power

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8
Q

When did Britain begin to appease Germany?

A

When the League of Nations could no longer guarantee peace

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9
Q

When did Britain stop appeasing Germany?

A

When Britain declared war on Germany

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10
Q

When and how did the Great War end?

A

The Great War ended in 1918 when Germany surrendered

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11
Q

How long did the war last?

A

4 years

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12
Q

Who were the triple alliance?

A

Germany, Austria-Hungary and Italy

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13
Q

Who were the allies?

A

Uk, France and Russia

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14
Q

3 countries changed their minds about the war. Who were they and what did they do?

A

Russia pulled out
Italy changed sides
America entered in 1917

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15
Q

Why did the war stop?

A

A peace agreement was called when Germany surrendered

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16
Q

When and why did the allies meet in the palace of Versailles?

A

In January 1919 to discuss the German punishment after the war

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17
Q

Who were the big three?

A

USA, UK and France

They dominated talks about the TOV

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18
Q

Why was Germany not invited?

A

They were not allowed to decide their own punishment

They were only invited to sign the treaty on the 28th of June 1919

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19
Q

What was the aim of the treat?

A

To ensure peace in Europe whilst punishing Germany for her actions during the war

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20
Q

What were the three leaders called?

A

Clemenceau, Wilson and Lloyd George

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21
Q

When was the treaty signed?

A

June the 28th 1919

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22
Q

Why did France want revenge?

A

Germany had attacked them twice in 50 years
Their population had lost a lot due to Germany
300,000 houses were destroyed
250,000,000 cubic metres of trench needed filled

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23
Q

How had Britain suffered from the war?

A

Britain had suffered 4 years of rationing and deaths

They needed Germany to be strong to help build up the economy

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24
Q

Why did the USA want peace?

A

So they did not have to become involved in any more wars

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25
Q

What was the war guilt clause?

A

The war guilt clause said that Germany alone accepted the blame for having caused the war

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26
Q

What were the territorial terms?

A

Germany was stripped of all its colonies
Alsace and Lorraine were returned
Danzig was given to Poland and the Polish corridor was created
The Rhineland was demilitarised
The Saar coalfields were given to France
Germany was forbidden to join with Austria

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27
Q

What were the military terms?

A

Germany’s army reduced to 100,000 men
No heavy artillery, tanks or poison gas allowed
Germany was to have no airforces or submarines and was only allowed a small navy of six warships

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28
Q

What were the economic terms?

A

Germany was forced to pay reparations of £6.6 billion to the allies for damage caused during the war

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29
Q

How did Britain view the treaty?

A

They viewed the treaty as too harsh and this is one reason why they followed the policy of appeasement in the 1930’s

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30
Q

What was the German reaction to the treaty?

A

The viewed the treaty as a DIKTAT

They complained that every aspect of the treaty was too harsh

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31
Q

What was the French reaction to the treaty?

A

The French fully supported the treaty, they felt threatened by an aggressive Germany on their border

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32
Q

How did the treaty lead to a disagreement between Britain and France?

A

Britain felt the treaty was too harsh and appeased Germany however France disliked that and this caused conflict that Hitler would eventually exploit

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33
Q

What did the LON ensure?

A

They ensured that disputes would be settled via discussions and compromise

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34
Q

What did collective security ensure?

A

Collective security ensured that an aggressive state would think twice about attacking an LON member as member states supported on another

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35
Q

What was the League’s three step policy?

A

Diplomatic sanctions, economic sanctions and military sanctions

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36
Q

What was the problem with the LON?

A

The USA, Russia and Germany were not members

They had no standing army

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37
Q

What happened in 1931?

A

Japan invaded the Chinese state of Manchuria

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38
Q

What happened in 1932?

A

Japan were asked to leave the LON

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39
Q

What was the problem with this action?

A

No sanctions were given

This created a bad impression of the LON

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40
Q

What is a foreign policy?

A

A foreign policy is a term used to define how one country plans to interact and deal with foreign countries

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41
Q

What was Mein Kampf?

A

An autobiography written by Hitler while he was in prison

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42
Q

What party did Hitler become leader of?

A

The National Socialists German Workers Party in 1920

43
Q

What happened in 1923?

A

Hitler thought he had enough support to overthrow the German government. However when he launched an uprising in Munich it was unsuccessful (The Munich Putsch)
Hitler was put to prison

44
Q

What were Hitler’s foreign policy aims?

A

1) Revenge for the humiliation of Versailles
2) Make Germany strong by bringing all German speakers to live in an enlarged Germany- This meant Germany taking over other countries such as Austria, Czechoslovakia and Poland
3) Have more land and resources so that Germany can have space to live and grow strong-This policy was called Lebensraum and Hitler’s main target was Russia
4) Pure Germans are the master race. We have the right to make other races our untermenschen (servants). They are not our equals

45
Q

What did Hitler plan to be?

A

Aggressive
Expansionist
Racist

46
Q

What was the Anschluss?

A

The joining of Austria and Germany

This was one of Hitler’s foreign policy aims

47
Q

What was the Hossbach memorandum?

A

This was a piece of paper found after the war that said to have all the war plans on it

48
Q

What does disarmament mean?

A

reducing the number of military forces with in a country

49
Q

What is rearmament?

A

Building up the number of weapons within a country

50
Q

What was the Locarno treaty?

A

In 1925 Germany accepted her western frontiers and agreed with the conditions of the TOV
This would only apply if France left Germany to decide her own eastern borders

51
Q

What was the Disarmament conference?

A

The disarmament conference of 1932 discussed the idea of all countries disarming. However many countries broke that promise

52
Q

When did Hitler come to power?

A

In 1933 Hitler became chancellor

53
Q

What happened in 1933?

A

Hitler demanded armament levels for Germany that were equal with other countries

54
Q

What was the outcome of this?

A

If they agree Germany becomes stronger

If they refuse Hitler can use their broken promises to disarm against them- he has the moral high ground and victory

55
Q

What happened in October 1933?

A

1933 Hitler withdraws Germany from the Disarmament conference and the League of Nations

56
Q

What happened in January 1934?

A

Hitler and Poland sign a 10 year non-aggression pact

57
Q

What happened in July 1934?

A

Austrian Chancellor Doll fuss is killed

58
Q

What was Italy’s reaction to the chancellor’s murder?

A

Mussolini stood up to Hitler and Hitler backed down

Mussolini put thousands of Italian troops on the border

59
Q

What happened in March 1935?

A

Hitler announced rearmament

The existence of the Luftwaffe and conscription

60
Q

What was the British reaction to rearmament?

A

Britain were shocked at the breach however felt that Germany should rearm at a controlled rate
They felt France was being stubborn and were a greater obstacle to European peace

61
Q

What was the French reaction to rearmament?

A

France were horrified and worried

62
Q

What was the Stresa front?

A

The Stresa Front was formed with Italy, UK and France to monitor Hitler

63
Q

What was the Anglo-German Naval Deal?

A

Signed on the 18th of June 1935
Germany could have parity in the air , 35% of Britain’s naval forces
Germany could have an equal number of submarines to Britain

64
Q

What was the British public’s view to rearmament?

A

Most people in Britain did not see any danger in German rearmament and because of Versailles Guilt they felt it was justifiable

65
Q

When did Germany re-militarise the Rhineland?

A

On the 7th of March 1936

66
Q

Why did Hitler re-militarise the Rhineland?

A

In 1935 France began negotiations with Russia about becoming friends
This went against the Locarno treaty so gave Hitler an excuse to break the agreement

67
Q

Why did Hitler choose a Saturday?

A

Hitler chose a Saturday because he knew politicians would not be in a good position to react

68
Q

How many troops were placed in the Rhineland?

A

22,000 fully armed German troops marched into the Rhineland

69
Q

What peace agreements did Hitler put in place to avoid war?

A

A non-aggression pact with everyone for 25 years
A new equal demilitarised zone with the French
To rejoin the League of Nations

70
Q

Why was nothing done to punish Germany?

A

The re-militarisation was complete and would be difficult to reverse
The French no longer trusted Britain after finding out about the Anglo-German naval deal
The two countries thought Germany’s army was bigger that it was
Versailles guilt was growing in Britain
Britain felt Hitler’s excuse about the Franco-Soviet pact was fair

71
Q

How did Hitler gain from this?

A

Hitler had now broken the treaty twice and was growing in confidence
Hitler was gaining much respect in Germany

72
Q

How did other countries lose from this?

A

France was made to feel weak by Hitler

The power of Britain had gone down, they had given into Hitler’s demands again

73
Q

How did Britain feel towards Hitler?

A

Many British politicians and public were unsure what to think of Hitler
Some saw him as a powerful leader
Others saw him as controlling and forceful

74
Q

What was the Spanish Civil War?

A

Began July 1936 this was a fight between communism and fascism in the country

75
Q

What pact did France suggest?

A

France suggested a non-intervention agreement to avoid this becoming a Europe wide conflict
Italy, Germany and Russia all signed this but all repeatedly broke it

76
Q

What did the Spanish Civil war achieve for Germany?

A

This brought Hitler and Mussolini closer together

This also gained useful training ground for Hitler’s Luftwaffe

77
Q

What was the Austro-German agreement?

A

Signed in July 1936 this agreement mean that Austria and Germany worked together over foreign policy

78
Q

What was the Rome-Berlin axis?

A

Signed in November 1936 Italy and Germany agreed to work together over common policy

79
Q

What did the Rome-Berlin axis mean for Europe?

A

This meant there was now no one in the league of nations who had the power to overthrow Hitler
They had now created a line of power down the middle of Europe
Mussolini originally stopped Germany from overthrowing Austria was now teaming up with Germany

80
Q

What happened in February 1938?

A

Schuschnigg met with Hitler on 12th of February 1938 and demanded that he lift his ban on Austrian Nazi’s, free all Nazi’s from prison and allow Nazi’s a key position in government

81
Q

What did Schuschnigg do in retaliation?

A

Schuschnigg planned a plebiscite to ask the Austrian people if they wanted to become part of Germany

82
Q

How did Hitler react?

A

Hitler was very angry and ordered it to be called off

He threatened to invade Austria

83
Q

What happened on the 12th of March 1938?

A

Schuschnigg resigned and Hitler marched his troops into Austria

84
Q

Why did Hitler want Anschluss?

A 
Hitler wanted to unite all Germans
Surround Czechoslovakia
He was Austrian
He had control of the Danube river which gave supplies
Ship building,resources, 
Railway access to the Balkans
85
Q

What happened on the 10th of April 1938?

A

Hitler decided to hold his own plebiscite on April the 10th 1938 and 99.7% of Austrians were shown to be in favour of Anschluss

86
Q

Why did Britain not react?

A

Britain saw themselves as militarily weaker
Mussolini thought it was okay so Britain thought so too
Hitler was stronger with the support of Italy and Austria
British public were still very opposed to war
They felt it was too far away to be concerned
Hitler had been invited in
The April plebiscite showed that was what Austria wanted
Austria and Germany had a shared history
Treaty of Versailles guilt

87
Q

Why did Hitler want the Sudetenland?

A

It contained three million German speakers

88
Q

Why did the Czechoslovakian crisis occur?

A

The Sudeten German Party made a list of demands- Henlein demands that if the Czech’s didn’t agree to they would go to war

89
Q

What did Britain do to help?

A

Britain convinced the Germans that they would intervene and convinced the Czech’s that they wouldn’t so as to force a compromise

90
Q

What did Benes eventually do?

A

Chancellor Benes agreed to the Henlein concessions to defuse the situation
This prevented war from occurring

91
Q

Why was Hitler angry?

A

War had been prevented and he was embarrassed that he had not succeeded in invading Czechoslovakia

92
Q

What was Hitler’s next plan?

A

Hitler planned to attack Czechoslovakia on October the 1st 1938
This was called operation green

93
Q

What did Britain decide to do?

A

Britain decided to meet with Hitler to calm the situation and avoid war

94
Q

Describe the first meeting

A

15th of September 1938
Berchtesgaden
Hitler and Chamberlain met
Hitler wanted Britain to agree that Germany would get the Sudetenland sometime in the future
Chamberlain returned to Britain to persuade other countries to accept this demand

95
Q

Describe the second meeting

A

22nd of September 1938
Hitler and Chamberlain
Godesberg
Hitler demanded control of the Sudetenland by September 28th

96
Q

Describe the third meeting

A

29th September 1938
Chamberlain, Daladier, Hitler and Mussolini
Munich
Czechs were not invited
Chamberlain agreed to Hitler’s terms but Czechoslovakia were given 12 hours to agree and 10 days to implement them
Chamberlain got an agreement with Hitler that he would keep peace with Britain
War had been avoided once again

97
Q

what happened to Czechoslovakia?

A

In March 1939 Hitler took Bohemia and Moravia

Czechoslovakia ceased to exist

98
Q

Why did Hitler want Poland?

A

Hitler hated Poland as it was created with land Germany lost from the TOV
Hitler complained about the treatment of German’s in the polish corridor

99
Q

What happened in April 1939?

A

Russia asked Britain and France for an alliance

100
Q

Why did they turn it down?

A

Poland did not trust Russia and would not let Russian soldiers enter
Britain hated communism and no deal was made

101
Q

What was the pact of steel?

A

May 22, 1939 the pact of steel was made between Italy and Germany
This meant that Germany and Italy were allies and was a backup of the Rome-Berlin axis

102
Q

What happened in August 1939 and what did it mean?

A

In August 1939 Hitler and Stalin signed the Nazi-soviet non-aggression pact
This meant they would not fight each other and Germany could take Poland with ease
The agreement also contained a secret pact that Germany and Russia would divide Poland between them

103
Q

What happened on the 1st of September?

A

Germany invaded Poland

104
Q

What was the consequence of the invasion?

A

Britain declared war on Germany on the 3rd of September 1939

105
Q

Why did Britain follow a policy of appeasement?

A

The British public wanted peace
Versailles guilt
Chamberlain believed Hitler was a reasonable man
Britain had an overseas empire to control
Britain had no allies
Britain were not militarily ready
Britain thought the German forces were stronger than they were

Int 2 History (2 decks)

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