RNI Pharmaceutical Flashcards
what is a radionuclide?
- nuclei of some atoms are unstable and they fly apart - emitting radiation and fast moving particles
- they undergo spontaneous changes in their nuclei to form stable elements or another radionuclide
types of decay
Alpha particle emission
Beta particle emission
Gamma particle emission
unit of radioactivity
- SI
1 Bq =
one transformation per second
what are a radionulcides ideal properties for diagnostic imaging with a gamma camera
- relatively short physical half-life
- relatively short effective half-life - short, but remains active enough for efficient uptake
- relatively short biological half-life can be excreted from the body
- non-toxic
- can be administered to the patient
- can be easily labelled to pharmaceutical products e.g. MAG3, DMSA
- inert in the body - does interfere with the patient’s physiological processes
Radionuclides used in PET/CT
- fluorine-18 (F18)
- Carbon-11 (C11)
- Oxygen 15 ( O15)
radionuclides used in Radiotherapy
strontium-89 (Sr89)
Phosphor-32 (P32)
Iodine-131 (I131)
what is a radiopharmaceutical
where a radionuclide and a pharmaceutical are combined.
A drug that contains a radioactive substance and is used to diagnose or treat disease
pharmaceutical kit
A pre-packed set of sterile ingredients designed for the preparation of a specific radiopharmaceutical.
- solution is freeze-dried, sterilised and evacuated then filled with sterile nitrogen gas
what are the ideal properties for a radiopharmaceutical
- non-toxic
- the radionuclide and pharmaceutical combine properly
- short reaction time
- single target organ- improves sensitivity
- stable in vivo - maximum target organ placement without altering physiology
- stable in vitro
- pathology see as increased activity
- multiple patients per vial
what are the ideal properties for a radiopharmaceutical
- non-toxic
- the radionuclide and pharmaceutical combine properly
- short reaction time
- single target organ- improves sensitivity
- stable in vivo - maximum target organ placement without altering physiology
- stable in vitro
- pathology see as increased activity
- multiple patients per vial
radiopharmaceutical MDP is used for
bone scans - 500-700MBq
radiopharmaceutical ECD is used for
brain scans - 750MBq
radiopharmaceutical Sestamibi is used for
cardiac scans - 800MBq
radiopharmaceuticals MAG3 and DMSA are used for
- renal scans
- MAG3 - 100MBq - function
- DMSA - 80MBq - cortical
radiopharmaceutical MAA is used for
- lung perfusion scans
- 100MBq
- low does for pregnant patients - 40 MBq
radiopharmaceutical TC 99m sodium perechnetate is used for
- thyroid scans
- 80MBq
patient considerations and administration
- 3 forms of patient ID
- calculating the dose on weight and height for paediatrics
- Draw up the sterile injection in the radiopharmacy from the correct vial
- explain the procedure to the patient and gain consent
- safety considerations- avoiding contact with children and pregnant women
- delays between injection and scan time, eating and drinking
- urinating in specific toilet and flushing twice
- measuring residual dose
why is it important to measure residual dose
- checking that you are administering the correct amount to the patient
- record the amount drawn
- can observe the uptake amount from the body e.g. kidneys
- re-sheath the needle to avoid contamination
- the residual dose is subtracted from the original drawn dose to give absolute dose - this is entered into the computer to calculate uptake
