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Virus > RNA Virus 1 > Flashcards

RNA Virus 1 Flashcards

1
Q

RNA Viruses:
replicate in…
ds or ss?
special machinery requirements?

A

Replicate in cytoplasm (except influenza and retrovirus)

most ss RNA

(+) can be read like mRNA. Genome encodes for RNA-depedent RNAPolymerase

(-) require synthesis to (+) before viral proteins can be made… Virus particle contains RdRNAp

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2
Q

Naked viruses

A

Pico *
Calici *
Astro *
Reo *

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3
Q

Enveloped virus

A 
Toga *
Flavi *
Bunya
Arena
Rhabdo
Paramyxo
Corona
Filo
Retro
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4
Q

Enterovirus disease

A
  • Vesicular disease / aseptic meningitis
  • gastrointestinal disease
  • respiratory disease
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5
Q

Arbovirus diseases

A

encephalitis and hemorrhagic fever

spread by arthropods

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6
Q

PicoRNAvirus:

types

A

Enterovirus
Hepatovirus
Rhinovirus

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7
Q 
Picornavirus:
genome (ss/ds, +/-)...
envelope?
capsid...
attachment...
replication...
release...
A
  • Single strand
  • Positive sense
  • Naked (no envelope)
  • Icosahedral capsid of 60x non-glycosylated proteins
  • attach/entry via receptor-mediated endocytosis
  • replicate in cytoplasm
  • release by lysis
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8
Q

Picorna attachment

A

cell receptors part of IG superfamily (binds to canyon region on vertices of virus)

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9
Q

receptor for Polio attachment

A

PVR/CD155

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10
Q

receptor for rhinovirus and several coxsackievirus

A

ICAM-1

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11
Q

Picornavirus replication scheme

A

One polyprotein is translated and then cleaved by viral protease.

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12
Q

Picornavirus transmission

A

Transmitted via fecal-oral and respiratory secretions

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13
Q

Picornavirus disease

A

Enterovirus (10-15mil/yr)

Rhinovirus (mils/yr) — most common cause of common cold

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14
Q

Rhinovirus pH/temp optimums

A 
acid labile (neutral better)
Topt = 33*C (cooler in the nose)
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15
Q

Enteroviruses / HepA

pH/temp optimums

A 
Acid resistant (pH 3-9)
also resistant to detergents, heat, mild sewage treatment
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16
Q

Where do enteroviruses replicate?

A

mucosa and lymphoid tissues GI tract… causes viremia

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17
Q

Enterovirus primary and secondary viremia patterns

A

1* viremia spreads virus to target tissues

2nd phase of viral replication occurs at targets, resulting in 2* viremia and SYMPTOMS

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18
Q

Poliovirus infections symptoms

-where does it infect?

A
  • mostly asymptomatic
  • symptoms range from mild fever / diarrhea to flaccid paralysis
  • 2% aseptic meningitis
  • 1% permanent paralysis
  • infects:
    ant. horn cells of spine
    motor cortex of brain
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19
Q

Poliovirus vaccination

A

-three serotypes covered

  • Inactivated Polio Vaccine (IPV) - killed
  • Oral Polio Vaccine (OPV) - live attenuated

-only IPV used in US since 2000

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20
Q

Coxsackie A virus diseases

A

aseptic meningitis
herpangina
hand, foot and mouth disease
conjunctivitis

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21
Q

Coxsackie B virus diseases

A

aseptic meningitis
myocardial and pericardial infections
pleurodynia

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22
Q

Echovirus diseases

A

aseptic meningitis (outbreaks every summer)

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23
Q

Parechovirus diseases

A

respiratory
gastrointestinal
encephalitis (rare)
myocarditis (rare)

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24
Q

Kobuvirus disease

A

gastrointestinal

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25
Q

What characterizes enterovirus vesicular disease?

A

Hand foot and mouth disease (papular skin rash)

Herpangina (blister-like sores in mouth)

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26
Q

What are most common causes of vesicular disease

A

Coxsackie A16

Enterovirus

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27
Q

treatment for enterovirus vesicular disease

A

only symptom relief

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28
Q

diagnose enterovirus vesicular disease

A

typically clinical

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29
Q

when is enterovirus meningitis most common

A

summer / early fall

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30
Q

most common / other causes of viral meningitis

A 
** Enterovirus
Mumps
Herpesviruses (EBV, HSV, VSZ)
Measles
Influenza
Arbovirus
LCMV
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31
Q

Symptoms of viral meningitis in infants and young adults

A

fever
irritability
poor eating
hard to awaken

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32
Q

Symptoms of viral meningitis in adults

A 
high fever
severe headache
stiff neck
sensitivity to bright light
sleepiness / trouble rousing
nausea
vomiting
lack of appetite
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33
Q

viral meningitis time course and recovery

A

usually last for 7-10 days - recover normally

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34
Q

treatment for viral meningitis

A

nothing specific… supportive care

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35
Q

diagnosis for viral meningitis

A

detection of virus particles

serology (retrospective)

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36
Q

What about Entervirus 68?
disease…
virus particles found…
transmitted…

A

Entervirus respiratory disease… symptoms with wide range of severity

virus found in respiratory secretions (saliva, mucus, sputum)

spread by sneezing / coughing, and fomites

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37
Q

Other manifestations of enterovirus

besides respiratory / meningitis / vesicular

A 
viral conjunctivitis (cox A, entero 70)
myocarditis
pericarditis
encephalitis
paralysis
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38
Q

Diagnose Enterviruses

methods

A

PCR (RT-PCR) for virus in tissues
Virus isolation / culture
Serology (acute & convalescent) is helpful

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39
Q

Diagnose Enteroviruses

limitations

A

sensitivity…

viremia undetectable at time of symptoms (viremia occurs first)

CSF specimen during acute phase are sometimes negative

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40
Q

Treatment for enterovirus

A

supportive care

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41
Q

Principle agent of common cold

A

Rhinovirus

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42
Q

Rhinovirus binds to ____ on cell surface

A

ICAM-1

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43
Q

Where does Rhinovirus infect?

A

upper respiratory tract

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44
Q

Why is reinfection with rhinovirus so common

A

IgA immunity is short-lived

More than 100 independent serotypes of Rhinovirus

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45
Q

Rhinovirus incubation period and acute symptom timeline

A

1-2 days of incubation

3-7 days of acute symptoms

46
Q

Treatment for Rhinovirus

A

nothing specific
no good vaccine

*possible block of receptor attachment

47
Q 
HAV:
Transmission: 
1* Replication site:
Virus particles excreted (when):
Spreads to:
A

Hepatitis A Virus

Fecal-Oral transmission
Initial replication in enteric mucosa
Virus excreted in feces BEFORE symptoms
Spreads to liver w/ 2* viremia

48
Q

HAV incubation

A

15-45 days

“short incubation”

49
Q 
HAV
Early Symptoms (Prodrome)
A 
fever
nausea
anorexia
abdominal pain (RUQ)
dark urine
clay-colored stool
50
Q

HAV

Icteric phase symptoms

A

jaundice
pruritis (itching)
enlarged / tender liver (3-4 weeks)

51
Q

HAV

Fulminant infection

A

Rare
develop rapidly
lead to severe / life-threatening liver failure

52
Q

Diagnose HAV

  • clinical
  • lab
A

Clinically

  • elevated ALT
  • jaundiced

Lab
- positive IgM anti-HAV

53
Q

Is HAV commonly cause a chronic or acute disease?

A

acute common… lasting 3-6 months

54
Q

Other causes of viral hepatitis (besides HAV)

A

CMV
EBV
Coxsackie virus

55
Q

Other causes of hepatitis (besides viral)

A 
Toxoplasmosis (and other inf)
Drugs, alcohol
Cholescystitis
Pancreatitis
Autoimmune disease
56
Q

HAV vaccination is recommended for:

A
  • international travelers
  • Men having sex with men
  • drug users
57
Q

HAV vaccination form (inactive, dead, etc)

A
  • inactivated whole virus

- it’s a cell culture adapted, inactivated with formalin

58
Q

What is twinrix?

A

The HAV and HBV mixed vaccine

59
Q

When should HAV-Ig be administered to patient living with someone who’s Hep-A infected

A

within 2 weeks of last exposure

80-90% effective at preventing clinical Hep-A

60
Q

RNA viruses that cause gastroenteritis

A

calicivirus
astrovirus
rotavirus (reovirus family)

61
Q

Two main factors contributing to wide-spread transmission of viruses causing gastroenteritis

A
  • large quantities of virus are shed in the stool

- virus is resistant to the environment

62
Q

Calicivirus:
genome (ss/ds, +/-)…
envelope?
capsid…

A
  • positive sense, single strand genome
  • naked
  • single icosahedral capsid
63
Q

Norovirus is the primary agent responsible for ____

A

most acute diarrheal disease
- cruise ships
- day care centers
(90% of all viral gastroenteritis)

64
Q

Norovirus named from

A

Norwalk strain (Norwalk, ohio)

65
Q

How many genogroups?

A

five (G-I to G-V)

GII.4 is predominant

66
Q

Norovirus transmission

A

Fecal-oral
contaminated food
fomites
aerosol (vomiting)

67
Q

How are virus particles spread?

A

high levels shed in diarrhea and vomitus

68
Q

Norovirus only requires ____ for infection

A

10 virus particles

69
Q

Norovirus incubation time

A

24-48 hours

70
Q

Norovirus pathogenesis

A
  • GI infection leads:
    • maldigestion / accumulation of carbs
    • malabsorption of nutrients
  • inhibition of water absorption
  • mucosa remains intact
71
Q

Treat Norovirus

A

supportive care

- recovery usually complete

72
Q

Diagnose Norovirus

A
  • RT-PCR
  • sequencing for genotype determination
    • rapid enzyme immunoassay - poor sensitivity
    • cannot be grown in cluture
73
Q

Astrovirus
genome (ss/ds, +/-)…
envelope?
capsid…

A
  • positive sense, single strand genome
  • naked
  • single icosahedral capsid
74
Q

What does astrovirus look like on TEM

A

star-shaped

75
Q

Astrovirus is associated with _____, particularly in children

A

mild gastroenteritis outbreaks

76
Q

Astrovirus in acid / heat…

A

Acid-stable

Heat-resistant

77
Q

How is astrovirus cultured?

A

It’s cannot be cultured, dummy!

78
Q

Reovirus

important types

A

Rotavirus

Colorado Tick Fever

79
Q 
Reovirus:
genome (ss/ds, +/-, circular/segmented)...
envelope?
capsid...
nucleocapsid...
A
  • segmented, double-strand RNA genome
  • icosahedral capsid
  • naked
  • nucleocapsid has three concentric shells, surrounding 11 segments of ds RNA
80
Q

What is the leading cause of severe acute gastroenteritis among children worldwide

A

Rotavirus

81
Q

What are the main antigenic determinants of Rotavirus

A

VP7 and VP4

82
Q

What is the name of the protease-cleaved protein on the rotavirus capsid?

A

VP4 (P protein)

83
Q

What is the name of the glycoprotein on the rotavirus capsid?

A

VP7 (G protein)

84
Q

how many serotypes are there for rotavirus?

A

5 strains (G1-G4, G9), based on capsid antigens

85
Q

How is rotavirus transmitted?

A

Fecal-oral route

Highly contagious

86
Q

Is the rotavirus particle stable?

A

You better believe it

87
Q

When do rotavirus infections typically occur in the US

A

Late fall - early spring

88
Q

Rotavirus:
replication site
incubation

A
  • replicates in villous epithelium of small intestine

- incubation 1-3 days, followed by abrupt disease onset

89
Q

Describe Rotavirus infection.

A

It’s localized, causing decreased intestinal absorption of glucose, water and sodium.

90
Q

What are the symptoms of Rotavirus?

A
  • Vomiting
  • abdominal cramps
  • low-grade fever
  • frequent, copious, watery stools
91
Q

Treat Rotavirus

A

supportive

rehydration, electrolytes

92
Q

Most severe cases of Rotavirus occur in which population?

A

infants and children

severe diarrhea

93
Q

Diagnose Rotavirus

A

detection of viral particles and antigens in stool.

Rapid antigen detection test

94
Q

What are the two rotavirus vaccines?
Method of delivery?
Live/dead?
Only for whom?

A

RotaTeq and Rotarix
Oral administration
Live virus
only for Infants

95
Q

RotaTeq…

A

[RV5]

pentavalent human-bovine Reassortment Rotavirus Vaccine

96
Q

Rotarix

A

[RV1] Monovalet Human Rotavirus Vaccine

97
Q

Rotavirus hazard

A

Intussusception — bowel blockage from folding back onto itself.

98
Q

Colorado Tick Fever disease characterized by

A

acute disease with fever, headache, sever myalgia

99
Q

Colorado Tick Fever is caused by what agent?

A

Reovirus

100
Q

Describe the Reovirus genome

A

12 ds RNA segments

101
Q 
Hepatitis E virus
genome (ss/ds, +/-)...
envelope?
capsid...
incubation...
mode of transmission...
A
  • positive sense, single strand RNA
  • naked
  • icosahedral capsid
  • avg 40 days / range 15-60 days
  • Fecal-Oral transmission
102
Q

What is the natural host of HEV?

A

Humans

103
Q

What’s the major cause of acute hepatitis worldwide?

A

HEV

104
Q

Incidence of HEV in the US? (high or low)

A

Low

105
Q

How does HEV disease present?

A

frequently subclinical…

acute disease may fulminate…
15-25% in pregnant women.

106
Q

In which groups is HEV common?

A

common in adolescents and pregnant women.

107
Q

How does HEV present in children?

A

children usually have mild or no symptoms

108
Q

HEV risk factors

A

Poor sanitation (fecal-oral)

109
Q

HEV prevention

A

drink clean water

110
Q

Treat HEV

A

hydrate or die

111
Q

Diagnose HEV

A

IgG detection (not routine)

Virus (3 decks)

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