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RNA/Protein Synthesis > RNA > Flashcards

RNA Flashcards

1
Q

Because genes (DNA) reside in the _______ of the cell and polypeptide (protein) synthesis occurs in the ________, they must have a go-between. The most likely molecule to fill this role is ______.

A

Nucleus
Cytoplasm
RNA

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2
Q

T/F
DNA is double-stranded; RNA is single-stranded

A

True

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3
Q

T/F
DNA is a polymer; RNA is a building block of that polymer

A

False

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4
Q

T/F
DNA occurs in three forms; RNA occurs only in one form

A

False
(DNA occurs only in one form; RNA occurs in three)

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5
Q

T/F
The sugar in DNA is ribose, which is absent in RNA

A

False
(Sugar in DNA is deoxyribose; sugar in RNA is ribose)

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6
Q

T/F
Uracil, in RNA, replaces the base thymine, found in DNA

A

True

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7
Q

What is Messenger RNA (mRNA)

A

Carries the message of the DNA coding instructions from the nucleus out to a ribosome in the cytoplasm

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8
Q

What is Ribosomal RNA (rRNA)

A

Helps to make up the structure of ribosomes

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9
Q

What is Transfer RNA (tRNA)

A

Delivers amino acids to the ribosomes during translation

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10
Q

DNA information is converted to RNA information in the process of _____________. RNA information is converted to a protein/polypeptide in the process of ______________.

A

Transcription
Translation

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11
Q

During transcription, an mRNA molecule is formed that has a sequence of bases ______________ to a portion of one DNA strand. The bases pair in this manner: A in DNA pairs with ________, and G pairs with ___________ in the mRNA being formed

A

Complementary
Uracil
Cytosine

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12
Q

If the sequence of bases in DNA is 3’ CGA AGC TCT 5’, then the sequence in mRNA is . . .

A

5’ GCU UCG AGA 3’

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13
Q

What is the location of transcription?

A

Inside the nucleus

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14
Q

What is the main enzyme in transcription and what is its function?

A

RNA Polymerase; uses free-floating RNA nucleotides to build a complementary mRNA strand from a DNA template

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15
Q

mRNA is edited (before / after) it leaves the nucleus.

A

BEFORE

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16
Q

Which are spliced out when primary RNA is processed/edited–exons or introns?

A

Introns

17
Q

Why are introns removed while the others are kept?

A

Introns are noncoding segments in the gene sequence, so they are not needed in translation when the mRNA is read and a polypeptide is built. Introns are removed and exons (coding segments) are kept.

18
Q

What does it mean to say that the genetic code is a “triplet code”?

A

DNA codes in sets of three bases called codons. Each codon codes for a specific amino acid. mRNA is read one codon at a time in the ribosome in translation.

19
Q

What is the significance of a universal genetic code throughout the domains of life?

A

DNA is the universal genetic code because it codes the same way in all organisms. It shows that all organisms have a common origin. Related organisms share genetic characteristics, so the more DNA two species or organisms have in common, the more closely related they are to each other.

20
Q

Can a single codon code for more than one amino acid?

A

No, each codon is specific to only one amino acid

21
Q

Features of tRNA structure include: At one end, an _______ is attached to be delivered, and at the other end there is an _________ complementary to a codon in mRNA.

A

Amino Acid
Anticodon

22
Q

What are the three steps/stages of translation?

A

Initiation, elongation, termination

23
Q

What is the start codon on mRNA? What amino acid does it code for?

A

AUG; codes for Methionine

24
Q

During elongation, new __________ are delivered by _____________ based on the mRNA __________. When a new amino acid is added to the growing polypeptide a ___________ bond is formed.

A

Amino Acids
tRNA Molecules
Codons
Peptide

25
Q

How is tRNA able to deliver the correct amino acid to the ribosome?

A

At the bottom of a tRNA molecule is an anticodon, a set of 3 bases that are complementary to an mRNA codon. tRNA will match up its anticodon with the mRNA codon to ensure that it is delivering the correct amino acid based on that particular mRNA codon. **Remember that the mRNA codon determines the amino acid, NOT the anticodon

26
Q

Elongation continues until a ______ codon is reached in the mRNA.

A

Stop

27
Q

Say a mutation affects a single gene’s base sequence in DNA. How will this mutation affect the cell?

A

If the DNA base sequence is changed, then the transcribed mRNA will also be changed. If the mRNA sequence is changed, then the resulting polypeptide in translation will also be changed. So if the DNA is mutated, then the protein coded for by that gene will be different. The protein won’t have the correct amino acid sequence, which may affect its structure and function in the cell.

28
Q

A DNA base sequence is 90 bases long. How many codons are in this sequence?

A

30

29
Q

An RNA base sequence is 120 bases long. How many anticodons will pair with this mRNA strand in translation?

A

40

30
Q

RNA nucleotides are joined during transcription by

A

RNA Polymerase

31
Q

If the triplet code in DNA is TAG, what is the anticodon?

A

AUC

RNA/Protein Synthesis (1 decks)

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