RMC

Question 1

What are the types of rationale?

Answer 1

• motivated by methodological problems
• considers different theories where there are gaps or problems
• links past to new research

Question 2

What is a simple comparison design?

Answer 2

• 1 IV

- 2 conditions (either within or between)

Question 3

What is a one way design?

Answer 3

• only 1 IV

- 3 or more conditions in one experiment

Question 4

What is a factorial design?

Answer 4

• more than one IV
• equivalent to 2 experiments simultaneously
• measures interactions between factors

Question 5

What is ANOVA?

Answer 5

Comparisons of within group error variance to between group variance

• if variance within each group is similar to variance between the groups
• -> same population

Question 6

What is an F ratio?

Answer 6

• ratio of explained and unexplained variances
• F = between-groups variance/ within-groups variance
• tests likelihood of 2 variance estimates being from the same population
• F>1 = significant difference between groups

Question 7

What are post-hoc comparisons?

Answer 7

• checks where the differences in a significant ANOVA are located
• problems with multiple comparisons = familywise error rate

Question 8

What is a familywise error?

Answer 8

• usually p<0.05 means a significant results but with multiple comparisons the comparisons are multiplied together => greater significance = error
• to avoid this, set an acceptable overall error rate e.g. 0.05 and divide this by the number of comparisons
• -> new criterion for significance (Bonferonni correction)

Question 9

What is the formula for calculating the number of interactions in ANOVA?

Answer 9

2(^k)-k-1

k = number of variables

Question 10

What is an interaction?

Answer 10

An interaction consists of any variation in the scores which is not due to error or main effects
Can be represented graphically
Parallel lines = NO interaction
Not parallel = interaction

Question 11

What is an independent t-test?

Answer 11

• parametric test (if not –> Mann Whitney)
• assess whether there are significant differences between 2 independent or separate groups (between ppts design)

Analyze –> compare means –> independent samples t-test

Reporting (Independent Sample Test table SPSS)
- if p

Question 12

What is a paired samples t-test?

Answer 12

• parametric test (if not –> Wilcoxon)
• assess whether there are significant differences between 2 conditions completed by the same single group of people (within ppts design)

Analyze –> compare means –> paired samples t-test

Reporting (Paired Sample Test table SPSS)
- t(df) = t; p = p score

Question 13

What is a Mann Whitney test?

Answer 13

• NON-PARAMETRIC equivalent of independent t-test
• used when there are different ppts in each condition
• looks at ranking position of values from each of the 2 conditions and provides a U-value

Analyze –> Nonparametric tests –> legacy dialogs –> 2 independent samples

Reporting (Test Statistics table SPSS)

• report medians not mean ranks
• U = u score; N = total; Z = z score; p = p score, 2 -tailed

Question 14

What is a Wilcoxon test?

Answer 14

• NON-PARAMETRIC equivalent of paired samples t-test
• takes note of differences in scores for each data-pair, differences ranked lowest to highest

Analyze –> Nonparametric tests –> legacy dialogs –> 2 related samples

Reporting (Test Statistics table SPSS)

• report medians not mean ranks
• T = sum of ranks; N = total; Z = z score; p = p score, 2-tailed

Question 15

What is a ONE-WAY BETWEEN ANOVA?

Answer 15

• 1 DV, 1 IV (grouping variable)
• univariate analysis of variance
• 2 SPSS columns (1 DV and 1 IV)

Report
F(df, error df) = F, p =, n^2p=

Question 16

What is a Kruskal Wallis test?

Answer 16

• NON-PARAMETRIC equivalent of one way between ANOVA
• more than 2 independent groups

Analyse –> non-parametric –> legacy dialogs –> K independent samples

Report
X^2(df) = chi square, p = p score

POST HOC –> MANN WHITNEY (if significant)

Question 17

What is a ONE-WAY WITHIN ANOVA?

Answer 17

• 1 DV and 1 factor (with more levels)
• each ppt takes part in all conditions
• 3 SPSS columns, one for each condition

Report
F(df, error df) = F, p =, n^2p=

Question 18

What is a Friedman’s test?

Answer 18

• NON-PARAMETRIC equivalent of one way within ANOVA

Analyse –> non-parametric –> legacy dialogs –> K related samples

Report
X^2(df) = chi square, p = p score
POST HOC –> WILCOXON (if significant)

Question 19

What is a 2x2 INDEPENDENT ANOVA?

Answer 19

• independent groups (between ppts)
• 2 factors = 2 grouping variables + 1 scale variable (DV) (3 SPSS columns)

Univariate analysis of variance
Test of between subject effects
- shows main effects and interactions
- significant main effect = find direction in descriptive statistics

Report
F(df, error df) = F, p =, n^2p=

SIMPLE EFFECT

• split file twice by each between ppts factor
• run independent samples t-test

Question 20

What is a 2x2 REPEATED MEASURES ANOVA?

Answer 20

• repeated measures (within ppts)
• 4 conditions, ppts take part in all 4 (4 SPSS columns)
• 1 DV

Test of within subjects effects
- shows main effects and interaction

Report
F(df, error df) = F, p =, n^2p=

SIMPLE EFFECT
- run paired samples t-test

Question 21

What is a 2x2 MIXED ANOVA?

Answer 21

• 2DVs and 2 IVs
• 1 grouping variable
• 3 columns (1 grouping variable and one for each within ppts condition)

Test of within subject effect

• main effect of repeated measures effect (e.g. sentence type)
• interaction between measures

Test of between subject effect
- main effect of independent measure (e.g. presentation order)

Report
F(df, error df) = F, p =, n^2p=

SIMPLE EFFECT
Looking at each IV at both levels of other IV
1. Looking at within factor at both levels of between
- independent samples T-test
- use both DVs for repeated measure

2. Looking at between factor at both levels of within
   - split file (organise output by groups)
   - paired samples t-test