RM (w1, 2, 3) Flashcards
What is the Simpson’s Paradox ?
When aggregated data (averages) reveals one trend but the same disaggregated data indicates another trend.
What is the difference between numeric, character, and logical variables?
Numeric = store numbers.
Character = stores text.
Logical = stores TRUE / FALSE
Vectors made up of different variables will convert them into the same class
What is a tibble?
A table of data where vectors are represented by various data entries
What is a ‘theoretical construct’ ?
An unobservable psychological entity that cannot be measured directly
They need to be operationalised. They inform research. eg. hopes, fears
Psychological entity > process
What is a psychological ‘measure’?
A tool that produces data relevent to our theorical construct
Blood oxygenation, self-survey, reaction time
Psychological entity > process
What does a psychological measure produce?
Data, or things you can observe.
What is ‘operationalism’?
This is a process of moving from our construct to our measure
We operationalise our theoretical construct by defining our measure
What is the process of ‘measurement’?
This is a process that moves us from constructs to observations
What is a nominal scale?
Scale of measurment.
Values have no particular relationship with each other
No numbering scheme is needed. eg. gender, religion, hair colour
scale of measurment
What is an ordinal scale?
Scale of measurment.
A scale with a natural ordering. Allow for relative comparision but not precise differences between value
example: ranking of athletes with medals (gold, silver ect.)
scale of measurment
What is an ‘interval scale’?
Scale of measurment.
Where values of a scale are ordererd and also have equal intervals between them. Zero is not meaninful.
Comparison can be based on order and magnitude of difference. eg. temp
What is a ‘ratio scale’?
Scale of measurment.
Where values are ordered, intervals are equal, and posses a meaningful zero point. Can compare based on order, mangnitude of difference and meaninful ratios.
Zero represents a lack of something. eg. weight
What is the difference between a interval and ratio scale?
Ratio scales posses a meaningful zero, where as intervals do not.
i.e zero represents an absense of something. one cannot be - weight.
What are ‘discrete variables’?
This is a ‘type’ of variable.
These values come in specific categories, there are no ‘in-between’ values.
ie the number of people in the library
What are ‘continuous variables’?
This is a ‘type’ of variable.
These are more precise values than discrete variables that only allow for distinct values. Can take on any value within a certain interval.
i.e the height of a tree / response time
