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1
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2
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3
Q

What is the foundation of this course in psychology?

A

Provides a solid base for understanding other psychology topics.

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4
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What research skills does this course teach?

A

How to conduct research in psychology.

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5
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What are the two main focuses of this course?

A

Both the process and content of research.

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6
Q

Why is critical thinking important for psychology?

A

To evaluate evidence and draw sound conclusions.

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7
Q

What does this course prepare students for?

A

Further education and professional development.

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8
Q

What is meant by being an informed consumer of knowledge?

A

Helps you be a discerning consumer of psychological information.

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9
Q

What does the attribute of tenacity refer to in non-scientific ways of knowing?

A

Holding onto beliefs despite evidence to the contrary.

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10
Q

Define authority in the context of non-scientific ways of knowing.

A

Accepting information based on the word of an authority figure.

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11
Q

What is determinism in scientific ways of knowing?

A

The assumption that all events have causes.

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12
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What does objectivity refer to in scientific thinking?

A

Observations that can be verified by multiple observers.

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13
Q

What is the primary goal of research in psychology?

A

To improve people’s lives.

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14
Q

What is the difference between qualitative and quantitative research designs?

A

Qualitative focuses on understanding concepts, while quantitative focuses on measuring variables.

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15
Q

What does triangulation involve?

A

Using multiple perspectives or methods to improve accuracy.

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16
Q

Fill in the blank: Qualitative orientation uses _______ data.

A

soft

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17
Q

What type of research focuses on exploring and developing theory?

A

Basic research.

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18
Q

What are the two types of hypotheses in research?

A

Null Hypothesis (Ho) and Alternative Hypothesis (H1).

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19
Q

What is the significance of replication in research?

A

Repeating research to confirm findings.

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20
Q

What is the purpose of measuring in research?

A

To observe and understand concepts that are not directly observable.

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21
Q

Define reliability in the context of measurement.

A

Consistency of measurement.

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22
Q

What is validity in measurement?

A

Truthfulness of measurement.

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23
Q

What does the term ‘independent variable’ refer to?

A

The variable manipulated by the researcher.

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24
Q

What is the difference between qualitative and quantitative measurement timing?

A

Quantitative researchers plan measures beforehand; qualitative researchers develop measures during data collection.

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25
What is the purpose of informed consent in research?
Explaining the research and potential risks to participants.
26
What does ethical compliance in research require?
Following all relevant laws and regulations.
27
What is the risk/benefit ratio in psychological research?
Comparing potential harm to participants against the benefits of the research.
28
What is deception in psychological research?
Withholding information or intentionally misleading participants.
29
What is the purpose of debriefing after a study?
Explaining the deception to participants after the study.
30
Fill in the blank: Quantitative research uses _______ data.
numerical
31
What is the significance of context in qualitative research?
Social actions and statements have meaning within their specific context.
32
List the four levels of measurement.
* Nominal * Ordinal * Interval * Ratio
33
What is a Likert Scale used for?
Measures attitudes using ordinal-level categories.
34
What is the difference between probability and non-probability sampling?
Probability sampling involves random selection; non-probability sampling focuses on specific cases.
35
What is the purpose of sampling in research?
Selecting a subset of cases from a larger population to study.
36
What is the significance of random sampling?
To minimize bias and increase representativeness.
37
What is the purpose of operationalization in research?
Linking concepts to specific measures.
38
What does 'conceptual definition' refer to?
A clear and specific definition of a construct.
39
What is the role of auxiliary theory in quantitative research?
Explaining how indicators relate to constructs.
40
What are social cognition biases?
Cognitive biases that influence how we process information.
41
What does 'first-order interpretation' involve?
Interpretations from the perspective of the people being studied.
42
What is the purpose of qualitative research?
Discovers meaning through immersion in data.
43
What is deception in psychological research?
Withholding information or intentionally misleading participants ## Footnote Deception can be a controversial practice in research, requiring careful ethical consideration.
44
When is deception justified in research?
If it is necessary for the research and alternative methods are not feasible ## Footnote Deception must be carefully evaluated to ensure it does not harm participants.
45
What is debriefing in the context of psychological research?
Explaining the deception to participants after the study ## Footnote Debriefing is crucial for maintaining trust and ethical standards.
46
What are the additional responsibilities researchers have to participants?
Providing information about the study, sharing data usage, minimizing invasiveness, honoring commitments ## Footnote These responsibilities help ensure ethical treatment of participants.
47
What is the humane treatment of animals in research?
Treat animals ethically and humanely ## Footnote Ethical treatment is mandated by laws and regulations governing animal research.
48
What must researchers comply with when conducting animal research?
All relevant laws and regulations ## Footnote Compliance ensures the ethical treatment of animals in research settings.
49
Who must supervise animal research?
Qualified individuals ## Footnote Supervision is essential to ensure ethical standards are met during animal research.
50
What is a key principle for minimizing discomfort in animal research?
Take steps to minimize pain and distress ## Footnote Ethical guidelines emphasize the importance of reducing animal suffering.
51
What are APA ethical standards?
Guidelines for ethical reporting in psychological research ## Footnote These standards help maintain integrity and ethical conduct in research.
52
What should researchers avoid when reporting results?
Fabricating or falsifying data ## Footnote Accurate reporting is critical for scientific credibility.
53
What is considered plagiarism in psychological research?
Presenting another's work as your own ## Footnote Plagiarism undermines the integrity of the research community.
54
What is required for publication credit?
Give credit where credit is due ## Footnote Proper attribution is essential to acknowledge contributions of others.
55
What should researchers avoid regarding duplicate publication?
Do not publish the same data twice ## Footnote Duplicate publication can mislead and distort scientific literature.
56
What is an important practice regarding data sharing?
Make data available to other researchers ## Footnote Sharing data promotes transparency and collaborative research efforts.
57
What should professional reviewers maintain?
Confidentiality and respect intellectual property rights ## Footnote Protecting confidentiality is vital for ethical review processes.
58
What is the first step in ethical decision making?
Understand the Situation ## Footnote Clearly defining research procedures and potential risks is crucial.
59
What does identifying ethical issues involve?
Consulting ethical guidelines and regulations ## Footnote This step ensures that researchers are aware of the ethical landscape.
60
What should researchers consider when assessing stakes?
Implications for all parties involved ## Footnote Understanding the impact on participants and stakeholders is essential.
61
What does exploring alternatives in ethical decision making involve?
Identifying alternative methods and their consequences ## Footnote Researchers should consider all viable options before making decisions.
62
What is the final step in ethical decision making?
Make a Decision ## Footnote The decision should be based on ethical principles and the best course of action.
63
What is unethical in Case 1 regarding deception?
Deceiving participants about the purpose of the study ## Footnote Informed consent must reflect the true nature of the research.
64
What is unethical in Case 2 regarding copyrighted materials?
Using a copyrighted scale without permission ## Footnote Researchers must obtain permission or use alternative resources.
65
What should be considered in Case 3 about psychological impacts?
Potential psychological impact on participants ## Footnote Informed consent, confidentiality, and debriefing are critical in such cases.
66
What is essential for ethical research?
Advancement of knowledge and protection of individuals ## Footnote Ethical considerations are foundational to conducting responsible research.

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