RM 11

Question 1

Threats to internal validity

Answer 1

Did the independant variable really cause the difference

Question 2

Design confound

Answer 2

result in an alternative explanation of the results of an experiment because there has been a variable that varied systematically along with the independent variable

Question 3

selection effect

Answer 3

occurs in an experiment when the kinds of participants in one level of theindependent variable are systematically different from those in the other. (If participants choosethe group to be in)

Question 4

order effect

Answer 4

different orders in which the questions are presented may influence respondents’ answers

Question 5

Potential internal validity threats in one group, pretest/post test designs

Answer 5

a. maturation threats/ spontaneous remission
b. history threats
c. regression threats

d. attrition threats
e. testing threats
f. instrumentation threats

Question 6

maturation threat

Answer 6

occurs when changes in behaviour emerge more or less spontaneously over time

ex: patient improves just because time passes

can be prevented by: using appropriate comparison group

Question 7

history threat

Answer 7

external threat, independent of the study may influence the participants at the same time
then becomes unclear whether the change in behaviour is caused by the independent variable or the external factor

Question 8

regression threats

Answer 8

• Ex with italy’s win 5-0 football: the extreme score was a lucky combination of random factors that did not repeat itself in the next game, so the next game’s score grossed back toward the average: the mean
  
  • So it’s when extreme outcome is cause by a combination of random factors that re unlikely to happen in the same combination again, so the extreme outcomes gets lass extreme over time

Question 9

attrition threat

Answer 9

threat occurs if participants leave the experiment before post test, and are systematic in one condition

Question 10

testing threats

Answer 10

The effect of being tested twice may change people’s behaviour or something, such as order effect (remembering the stuff from before, or having practiced)

Question 11

Instrumentation threats

Answer 11

Measurement intsruments differ bewteen pre and post test, so we think it’s a change in the participants when it’s actually your fault bitch

Question 12

Types of internal validity threats for studies with placebo group

Answer 12

Observer bias
Observer effect
Demand characteristic

can be avoided by using: double-blind study

Question 13

three potential internal validity threats in any study

Answer 13

Observer bias
Demand characteristics
Placebo effect

Question 14

Observer bias

Answer 14

Researcher may see differences between the conditions that are not actually there

can be avoided: by using double-blind study

Question 15

Observer effect

Answer 15

Researcher may treat participants differently dependant on the condition they’re in

can be avoided: by using double-blind study

Question 16

Demand characteristic

Answer 16

Participant may behave according to the research hypothesis

can be avoided by using: double-blind study

Question 17

double-blind study

Answer 17

neither the participants nor the researchers know who is in the treatment group and who is the comparison group

alternative: masked design

Question 18

masked design

Answer 18

could be used in which participants know in which group they are but the observers don’t ???

Question 19

placebo effect

Answer 19

participants receive a treatment and actually improve, but only because they believe they are receiving a valid treatment

can be avoided by using: double blind placebo control study

Question 20

double blind placebo control study

Answer 20

one group receives the actual treatment, and the other a placebo but both particpants and researchers don’t know which is which

Question 21

null effect

Answer 21

experiments don’t show any significant relationship

independent variable did not make a difference on the dependent variable

result of a poor experimental design

Question 22

internal validity

Answer 22

does my

Question 23

Internal validity : within group pretest/post test

Answer 23

a. maturation threat
b. history threat
c. regression to the mean
d. attrition threats
e. testing threat
f. instrumentation threat

Question 24

Internal validity threats: within group, between group

Answer 24

a. placebo
can be resolved by double blind experiment
b. observer bias
can be prevented: using a double blind or masked design
c. demand characteristics
can be prevented by double blind experiment

Question 25

mixed cantorial design with CONTROL GROUP

Answer 25

non-specific effect

Question 26

non-specific effect

Answer 26

effects that are not due to the treatment but due to the expectation that you will be treated

Question 27

waiting list group

Answer 27

placebo effect