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Physical Geography > Rivers, Floods And Managment > Flashcards

Rivers, Floods And Managment Flashcards

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0
Q

What is vegetation storage?

A

Water that is stored in plants.

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1
Q

What does Transpiration mean?

A

Evaporation of water from plants.

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2
Q

The definition of Evaporation is?

A

Water that is heated by the sun and turns it in to water vapour.

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3
Q

Define the term stem flow?

A

Water running down stems and branches during and after rainfall to reach the ground.

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4
Q

Precipitation is…?

A

Water in any form that falls from the atmosphere. (Snow, rain, hail)

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5
Q

What does interception mean?

A

Process where rain is prevented from directly reaching the ground, can evolve vegetation.

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6
Q

Explain ground water storage?

A

When water is stored underground.

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7
Q

Infiltration is defined by…?

A

The soaking of water in to the soil (ground)

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8
Q

What does surface storage mean?

A

Where water is stored in places, such as lakes, reservoirs and puddles!

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9
Q

Define ground water flow?

A

Movement of water flowing slow below water table through permeable soil.

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10
Q

What is Percolation?

A

This is where water moves vertically down through soil in to the water table.

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11
Q

Through flow is…?

A

Water in soil flows down slopes and hills due to gravity.

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12
Q

What is mean by channel storage?

A

Volume of water held in a river in the drainage basin.

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13
Q

River runoff mean?

A

All water entering a river eventually flows out of the drainage basin.

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14
Q

What’s actual Evapotranspiration (AET)?

A

Amount of water lost at the time of evaporation and transpiration.

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15
Q

What is potential Evapotranspiration (PET)?

A

Amount of water lost assuming a continual supply of water is given.

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16
Q

Soil moisture utilization (U) is…?

A

When vegetation uses water stored as soil (common in winter).

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17
Q

What is mean by soil moisture surplus (S)?

A

When precipitation is greater than AET.

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18
Q

Explain soil moisture density (D)?

A

When there is NOT enough water for vegetation to survive.

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19
Q

Define soil moisture recharge (R)?

A

When there is enough precipitation to restore.

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20
Q

Field capacity is when…?

A

Maximum capacity of soil in terms of water.

21
Q

What’s peak discharge?

A

This is the highest point on the graph when the river is at its greatest.

22
Q

Lag time???

A

The delay between peak rainfall and peak discharge.

23
Q

Part of the hydrograph that increases up to the peak discharge?

A

Rising limb.

24
Q

Part of the hydrograph that decreases after peak discharge?

A

Falling limb.

25
Q

What 7 physical factors affect the storm hydrograph?

A 
1. Drainage Basin characteristics 
    (size, shape)
2. Antecedent Conditions
3. Rock Type 
4. Soil Type 
5. Vegetation
6. Precipitation 
7. Temperature
26
Q

What 2 main human factors affect the storm hydrograph?

A
  1. Urbanized impermeable rock (concrete)

2. Man made drainage systems

27
Q

What are the 5 main river erosion happens?

A
  1. Hydraulic action
  2. Abrasion
  3. Attrition
  4. Corrosion
  5. Cavitation
28
Q

What are the 4 ways a river transports its load?

A
  1. Solution
  2. Suspension
  3. Saltation
  4. Traction
29
Q

What are the 3 processes the Hjulstrom curve graph?

A
  1. Erosion
  2. Transportation
  3. Deposition
30
Q

What is a drainage basin?

A

Area of land, bordered by a watershed, drained by a river and its tributaries

31
Q

What is the watershed?

A

Boundaries of a drainage basin

32
Q

How does precipitation lead to flooding?

A
  1. Prolonged rainfall or heavy rainfall.

2. Snow acting as a store of water then melting

33
Q

What is overland flow?

A

This is rapid form of water transfer over the surface of the ground

34
Q

When will overland flow most likely happen?

A
  1. During heavy periods of rainfall

2. When the soil has become completely saturated.

35
Q

What is permeable rock?

A

Rock which can absorb water or allow water to pass through the cracks and joints

36
Q

What does vegetation do yo water transfer and why?

A

Vegetation slows it down. Some water is lost by evaporates purgation while some water is used for plant growth.

37
Q

What causes a high runoff?

A
  1. Lack of trees
  2. Saturated soil
  3. Impermeable rock
38
Q

What is impermeable rock?

A

Rock which cannot absorb water

39
Q

Factors effecting the rivers discharge?

A
  1. Distance downstream
  2. Climate change
  3. Land use
  4. Water absorption
  5. Channel modification
40
Q

What is a storm hydrograph?

A

A graph that shows the discharge of a river following a storm event.

41
Q

The amount of energy available in a river to do ‘work’ depends on…..

A
  1. Height the water has to descend (gravity)

2. The mass of the water available

42
Q

When the water starts to move downhill________energy is conveyed in to ________energy.

A
  1. First Potential

2. Converted in to kinetic

43
Q

What is the rivers load?

A

The sediment carried by a river.

44
Q

What is solution?

A

The transport of chemicals dissolved in the water. e.g. Calcium carbonate

45
Q

What is suspension?

A

Fine grained silts and mud which is carried in the main body of the water. (Makes the river look muddy and murky).

46
Q

What is traction?

A

Large material rolling along the river bed. E.g. Boulders.

47
Q

What is saltation?

A

Material moving in a series of small bounces along the river bed (leapfrog!!) e.g. Pebbles

48
Q

What even is erosion?

A

The picking up and removal of material in the river

49
Q

When does erosion occur?

A

When the river has surplus energy available.

50
Q

What is abrasion?

A

When particles of rock carried by the river scrape away at the river bed and banks. This dislodges rock to add to the load of the river (sandpaper effect).

51
Q

What is hydraulic action?

A

When the power of moving water is able to dislodge loose particles of rock from the riverbed or banks.

Physical Geography (2 decks)

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