Rivers

Question 1

Example- managing floods

Where is banbury located?

Answer 1

Cotswolds, above oxford

Much of the town is on a floodplain

Question 2

Example- managing floods

How has banbury been affected by flooding?

Answer 2

Led to closures of town railway station
Local roads shut
Houses and businesses damaged

Question 3

Example- managing floods

What has been done to reduce the risk of flooding?

Answer 3

• earth embankment built parallel to motorway creating a flood storage area. Collects rainwater.
• raising the a361 road in flood storage area
• new earth embankment and flood walls to protect property
• new pumping stations

Question 4

Example- managing floods

Name 3 social costs and benefits

Answer 4

• reduces levels of anxiety and depression through fear of flooding
• quality of life of locals with improved footpaths and green areas
• raised a361 route into banbury will be open during a flood, avoids disrupting peoples lives

Question 5

Example- managing floods

3 economic benefits and costs

Answer 5

• cost about £18.5 million
• by protecting 441 houses and 73 commercial properties benefits estimated to be over £100million
• donors include environment agency and Cherwell district council

Question 6

3 environmental costs and benefits

Answer 6

• 1000000 tonnes of earth needed to build embankment extracted nearby creating a small resivour
• new biodiversity plan habitat was created using ponds trees and hedgerows
• part of floodplain will be allowed to flood if levels get to high

Question 7

Name 3 characteristics of the upper course

Answer 7

• steep/ v shaped valley
• narrow shallow channel
• high bed load

Question 8

Name 4 features of the upper course

Answer 8

• v shaped valleys
• interlocking spurs
• waterfalls
• gorges

Question 9

Name 3 characteristics of the middle course

Answer 9

• open gentle sloping valley with floodplain
• wider deeper channel
• more suspended sediment

Question 10

Name 3 features of the middle course

Answer 10

• meanders
• river clifff
• slip of slopes

Question 11

Name 3 characteristics of the lower course

Answer 11

• flat and wide floodplain
• wide, open valley
• very wide and very deep

Question 12

Name 3 features of the lower course

Answer 12

• ox bow lakes
• flood plains
• levees

Question 13

Name 3 processes of erosion

Answer 13

• solution
• attrition
• abrasion

Question 14

What is solution?

Answer 14

When the river flows over limestone or chalk, the rock is slowly dissolved

Question 15

What is attrition?

Answer 15

When stones carried by the river knock against each knock against each other, gradually making the stones smaller and more rounded

Question 16

What is abrasion?

Answer 16

When the load carried by the river repeated hits the bed or banks dislodging particles into the flow or the river

Question 17

What is hydraulic action?

Answer 17

The force of the water hitting the river bed and bank. This is most effective when the water is moving fast and there is a lot of it

Question 18

What are the 4 main types of transportation

Answer 18

Solution
Suspension
Traction
Saltation

Question 19

What is solution?

Answer 19

Dissolved load

Question 20

What is traction?

Answer 20

Large particles rolled on the river bed

Question 21

What is suspension

Answer 21

Small sediment held in the river

Question 22

What is saltation

Answer 22

Bouncing of particles too heavy to be suspended

Question 23

When is a waterfall commonly formed

Answer 23

When a river flows over a relatively resistant band of hard rock

Question 24

What is a gorge?

Answer 24

A narrow steep sided valley that is usually found down stream of a waterfall

Question 25

How is a gorge formed

Answer 25

Formed by the gradual retreat of a waterfall

Question 26

What is a thalweg

Answer 26

Outside bend where erosion occurs as it is the fastest flowing water with lots of energy

Question 27

What is the formation of a floodplain

Answer 27

1- meanders migrate across floodplain due to lateral erosion. When they reach the edge of the flood plain the erode the valley side = wide floodplain 2- when river floods it deposits silt creating flat floodplain, layers bulid up to form thick fertile alluvium

Question 28

What is a levee How is it formed What is it

Answer 28

A raised river bed found along side a river in the lower course Formed by flooding Ridge of sediment is deposited naturally to build up levee

Question 29

What is an estuary

Answer 29

Are transitional zones between the river and costal environments

Question 30

Example- river tees Where is it Where is the source

Answer 30

North east of england | Pennie hills neat cross fell

Question 31

List 3 ways of things increasing the risk of a flood

Answer 31

- after a long period of winter rain - torrential storms - volume lf water from rain over flows its banks

Question 32

3 ways physical factors increase flood risks

Answer 32

Geology (rock type) - impermeable rocks Precipitation - rainfall Steep slopes - rapid transfer of water

Question 33

3 human factors increasing flood risks

Answer 33

Deforestation- trees absorb when they are gone no where for water togo Urbanisation - impermeable surfaces Agriculture - ploughed land water can run quickley through it

Question 34

What is soft engineering

Answer 34

Involves working with natural river processes to manage the flood risk

Question 35

3 ways of soft engineering on managing floodplains

Answer 35

Wetlands and flood storage areas - aloud to flood, water stored Floodplain zoning - land only used for certain things River restoration - course of river ch aged deliberately slow down river flow....

Question 36

What are the 3 levels of flood warning

Answer 36

Flood watch - flooding of low lying land and roads expected Flood warning - threat to homes Severe flood warning - extreme danger to life

Question 37

How has banbury been affected by flooding x3

Answer 37

- closure of towns, railway station - £12.5 million damage - homes and buisnesses affected

Question 38

What was done to reduce floods at banbury 3

Answer 38

- earth embankment area built parallel to motorway flood storage area - raising motorway so if it floods people can still travel - new pumping station transfer excess water

Question 39

3 social costs and benifits or flood at banbury

Answer 39

- reduced anxiety + depression through fear - quiality of live improved new footpaths and green areas - raised a361 route so people can still travel

Question 40

3 economic costs and benifits of the flood at banbury

Answer 40

- £18.5 million - donors - environmental agency + Cherwell district council - by protecting houses benefit of up to £100mil

Question 41

3 environmental costs and benefits of the flood at banbury

Answer 41

- earth needed for embankment was dug up and small resivour was made - new biodiversity plan created with ponds and trees - part of floodplain aloud to flood if levels get too high