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Geography > Rivers > Flashcards

Rivers Flashcards

1
Q

Example- managing floods

Where is banbury located?

A

Cotswolds, above oxford

Much of the town is on a floodplain

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2
Q

Example- managing floods

How has banbury been affected by flooding?

A

Led to closures of town railway station
Local roads shut
Houses and businesses damaged

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3
Q

Example- managing floods

What has been done to reduce the risk of flooding?

A
  • earth embankment built parallel to motorway creating a flood storage area. Collects rainwater.
  • raising the a361 road in flood storage area
  • new earth embankment and flood walls to protect property
  • new pumping stations
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4
Q

Example- managing floods

Name 3 social costs and benefits

A
  • reduces levels of anxiety and depression through fear of flooding
  • quality of life of locals with improved footpaths and green areas
  • raised a361 route into banbury will be open during a flood, avoids disrupting peoples lives
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5
Q

Example- managing floods

3 economic benefits and costs

A
  • cost about £18.5 million
  • by protecting 441 houses and 73 commercial properties benefits estimated to be over £100million
  • donors include environment agency and Cherwell district council
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6
Q

3 environmental costs and benefits

A
  • 1000000 tonnes of earth needed to build embankment extracted nearby creating a small resivour
  • new biodiversity plan habitat was created using ponds trees and hedgerows
  • part of floodplain will be allowed to flood if levels get to high
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7
Q

Name 3 characteristics of the upper course

A
  • steep/ v shaped valley
  • narrow shallow channel
  • high bed load
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8
Q

Name 4 features of the upper course

A
  • v shaped valleys
  • interlocking spurs
  • waterfalls
  • gorges
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9
Q

Name 3 characteristics of the middle course

A
  • open gentle sloping valley with floodplain
  • wider deeper channel
  • more suspended sediment
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10
Q

Name 3 features of the middle course

A
  • meanders
  • river clifff
  • slip of slopes
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11
Q

Name 3 characteristics of the lower course

A
  • flat and wide floodplain
  • wide, open valley
  • very wide and very deep
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12
Q

Name 3 features of the lower course

A
  • ox bow lakes
  • flood plains
  • levees
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13
Q

Name 3 processes of erosion

A
  • solution
  • attrition
  • abrasion
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14
Q

What is solution?

A

When the river flows over limestone or chalk, the rock is slowly dissolved

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15
Q

What is attrition?

A

When stones carried by the river knock against each knock against each other, gradually making the stones smaller and more rounded

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16
Q

What is abrasion?

A

When the load carried by the river repeated hits the bed or banks dislodging particles into the flow or the river

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17
Q

What is hydraulic action?

A

The force of the water hitting the river bed and bank. This is most effective when the water is moving fast and there is a lot of it

18
Q

What are the 4 main types of transportation

A

Solution
Suspension
Traction
Saltation

19
Q

What is solution?

A

Dissolved load

20
Q

What is traction?

A

Large particles rolled on the river bed

21
Q

What is suspension

A

Small sediment held in the river

22
Q

What is saltation

A

Bouncing of particles too heavy to be suspended

23
Q

When is a waterfall commonly formed

A

When a river flows over a relatively resistant band of hard rock

24
Q

What is a gorge?

A

A narrow steep sided valley that is usually found down stream of a waterfall

25
Q

How is a gorge formed

A

Formed by the gradual retreat of a waterfall

26
Q

What is a thalweg

A

Outside bend where erosion occurs as it is the fastest flowing water with lots of energy

27
Q

What is the formation of a floodplain

A

1- meanders migrate across floodplain due to lateral erosion. When they reach the edge of the flood plain the erode the valley side = wide floodplain
2- when river floods it deposits silt creating flat floodplain, layers bulid up to form thick fertile alluvium

28
Q

What is a levee
How is it formed
What is it

A

A raised river bed found along side a river in the lower course
Formed by flooding
Ridge of sediment is deposited naturally to build up levee

29
Q

What is an estuary

A

Are transitional zones between the river and costal environments

30
Q

Example- river tees
Where is it
Where is the source

A

North east of england

Pennie hills neat cross fell

31
Q

List 3 ways of things increasing the risk of a flood

A
  • after a long period of winter rain
  • torrential storms
  • volume lf water from rain over flows its banks
32
Q

3 ways physical factors increase flood risks

A

Geology (rock type) - impermeable rocks
Precipitation - rainfall
Steep slopes - rapid transfer of water

33
Q

3 human factors increasing flood risks

A

Deforestation- trees absorb when they are gone no where for water togo
Urbanisation - impermeable surfaces
Agriculture - ploughed land water can run quickley through it

34
Q

What is soft engineering

A

Involves working with natural river processes to manage the flood risk

35
Q

3 ways of soft engineering on managing floodplains

A

Wetlands and flood storage areas - aloud to flood, water stored
Floodplain zoning - land only used for certain things
River restoration - course of river ch aged deliberately slow down river flow….

36
Q

What are the 3 levels of flood warning

A

Flood watch - flooding of low lying land and roads expected
Flood warning - threat to homes
Severe flood warning - extreme danger to life

37
Q

How has banbury been affected by flooding x3

A
  • closure of towns, railway station
  • £12.5 million damage
  • homes and buisnesses affected
38
Q

What was done to reduce floods at banbury 3

A
  • earth embankment area built parallel to motorway flood storage area
  • raising motorway so if it floods people can still travel
  • new pumping station transfer excess water
39
Q

3 social costs and benifits or flood at banbury

A
  • reduced anxiety + depression through fear
  • quiality of live improved new footpaths and green areas
  • raised a361 route so people can still travel
40
Q

3 economic costs and benifits of the flood at banbury

A
  • £18.5 million
  • donors - environmental agency + Cherwell district council
  • by protecting houses benefit of up to £100mil
41
Q

3 environmental costs and benefits of the flood at banbury

A
  • earth needed for embankment was dug up and small resivour was made
  • new biodiversity plan created with ponds and trees
  • part of floodplain aloud to flood if levels get too high

Geography (2 decks)

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