Rivers Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the different types of erosion rivers experience

A

Attrition
Abrasion
Solution
Hydraulic action

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2
Q

What are attrition and hydraulic action in rivers

A

Attrition= the action of rocks banging into eachother and making the stones smaller and rounded

Hydraulic action = the force of the water hitting riverbed and banks

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3
Q

What are solution and Abrasion in rivers

A

Solution - the ph of the water slowly wearing down rocks over time

Abrasion = when the rocks bounce across the river bed causing particles to become eroded

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4
Q

What are the types of river transportation

A

Suspension
Solution
Salitation
Traction

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5
Q

What are traction and salitation in rivers

A

Traction - where large rocks and boulders are rolled along the river bed

Saltation - where small stones are bounced along the river bed

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6
Q

What are some upper course features and processes

A

Narrow v shaped valleys

Gorges are found here from waterfalls

Rapids and large boulders (found from the weathering of steep valleys)

Vertical erosion

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7
Q

What sre some middle course features and processes

A

River begins to meander

Wider valleys

Ox bow lakes

Levees are formed which are river banks formed by flooding

Wide floodplains

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8
Q

What sre some Lower course features and processes

A

River at its slowest -lost all energy

Very wide flat valleys

Large meanders

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9
Q

Whats a tributary and a confluence

A

Tributary - Small streams which feed into the main river

Confluence - where two or more tributaries meet

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10
Q

What is a watershed and a channel

A

Watershed - an area of high land which surrounds the river drainage basin

Channel- the main body of the river

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11
Q

What are the processes which cause a v shaped valley

A

The river erodeds downwards via Abrasion

As the river cuts down the steep sides are attacked by weathering.
Therefore loosening soil and rock

The loosened material gradually falls into the river via gravity

When all loosened material has fallen in the river the result is a v shaped valley

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12
Q

Where does erosion and deposition occur on river bends

A

Erosion = happens on the outside bend in the “thalweg “which means
the fastest flow

Depostion= on the inside bend as the channel moves slower and the material is suspension is dropped

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13
Q

What are the physical causes of flooding

A

Heavy rain
Prolonged rain
Snow melt
Impermeable rock types
Low lying land

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14
Q

What are the Human causes of flooding

A

Deforestation- less interception more surfsce run off

Urbanisation - Impermeable ground means water can’t be absorbed meaning more surfsce run off

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15
Q

WHere is the river tees

A

The river tees is in the north east of England High in the pennine hills near cross fell

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16
Q

Ehat are the features of the river tees upper course

A

“High force “ water fall - formed from alternating bands of windstone and limestone

Huge gorge

Lower down the course has levees floodplains and meanders

17
Q

Hard engineering methods benefits

A

Dam - effective - can generate hydroelectric power - very durable

artificial levees - cheap temporary

18
Q

Hard engineering methods disadvantages

A

Dam - expensive - building takes a long time

Artificial levees - not as effective as other methods , not as durable either

19
Q

Soft engineering methods advantages

A

Afforestation- cheap- effective - looks pleasant

River restoration- looks pleasant - creates wetland increasing biodiversity- increased water storage area

20
Q

Soft engineering methods disadvantages

A

Afforestation- wooden areas may be less pleasant looking than open grass to some - trees take a while to grow

River restoration- not as effective - loss of farming land - can be expensive